Resumo Estudos recentes estabeleceram o papel das políticas de planejamento urbano em alimentar o crescimento dos assentamentos precários nas cidades brasileiras, através da exclusão socioespacial dos moradores de baixa renda. As dificuldades de reverter a lógica excludente se devem a vários e complexos fatores político-econômicos e culturais. Discutimos aqui um fator pouco presente na literatura nacional: o modo de representação da cidade que tende a iluminar seletivamente as questões urbanas. Problematizando a questão da informalidade urbana em Fortaleza, aplicamos uma metodologia que combina geoprocessamento e modelagem da informação, para subsidiar a redefinição das regras urbanísticas para assentamentos precários de origem informal. Esse procedimento revelará não apenas a extensão das inadequações dos atuais códigos de uso e ocupação do solo, como também apresentará algumas potencialidades do uso de técnicas de modelagem da informação da cidade para informar sua redefinição.
Recent studies have established the role of urban planning policies in feeding the growth of informal settlements in Brazilian cities, through the socio-spatial exclusion of low-income residents. The difficulties of reversing this exclusionary logic are due to several complex factors. A factor less discussed in Brazilian literature, which has began to draw the attention of scholars, is the invisibility of the informal city. This research assumes that it is necessary to regulate the urban form of precarious informal settlements, in order to prevent the deterioration of urban environmental quality. We highlight the importance of compiling data about their urban form and their built environment, in order to contribute to a reality-based regulatory policy for these settlements. After discussing the phenomenon of urban informality in Fortaleza, we applied a methodology that combines Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and City Information Modeling (CIM), to support the redefinition of urban rules for precarious settlements of informal origin. This procedure will reveal not only the extent of the inadequacies of the (past and current) land use and occupation codes, but will also present some potentialities of GIS and CIM to inform its redefinition.
Among many legal processes and political issues that hinder the Land Regularization of informal urban settlements, the delay in the production of technical documents (blueprints and descriptive memorials) and the number of errors in the systematization of information stand out. Thus, this work presents an information design methodology, aiming to optimize the documentation process through Geographic Information Systems (GIS). As a result, there was an average reduction in the production time of blueprints and memorials when compared to previous experiences of standard documentation. Errors that were still persistent were found exactly in processes that were not yet automated and needed a certain degree of mechanization. Therefore, even though the legal and political challenges seem insurmountable and need to be on the agenda, it is important to project possibilities for the technical barriers to the regularization of informal settlements, to which information design can contribute.
ResumoComo qualificar a forma urbana construída se é composta majoritariamente por edificações privadas e, portanto, dificilmente influenciadas por projetos urbanos de natureza pública, sobretudo em tecidos urbanos consolidados? Para avançar neste desafio, propomos uma reflexão sobre a normativa urbanística vigente e o planejamento tradicional. Diante da rigidez dos métodos tradicionais de estabelecer índices de ocupação urbana, o principal objetivo desse trabalho é avaliar a pertinência de uma metodologia flexível -que utiliza parâmetros de mensuração e prescrição da forma urbana empregados em software de modelagem processual urbana -para refletir sobre os mecanismos de regulação territorial. Como ferramenta para efetivação desse método, optamos pelo Esri CityEngineTM, um software de modelagem tridimensional especializado na geração de ambientes urbanos a partir de um conjunto de regras pré-definido. Sua metodologia processual -através de uma linguagem de programação chamada CGA (Computer Generated Architecture) -permite a alteração nas regras e indicadores urbanísticos tanto quanto necessário para dar espaço para novas possibilidades de projeto. Com a utilização do software, modelamos três cenários: dois analíticos, ilustrando a situação existente e a aplicação da legislação vigente no bairro, e um exercício projetual alternativo, a partir da elaboração de diferentes conjuntos de regras do CityEngineTM e sua aplicação nas áreas edificáveis. Palavras-chave: AbstractHow to qualify the built urban form if it is mostly composed of private buildings and therefore hardly influenced by public urban designs, especially in consolidated urban fabric? To progress in this challenge, we propose a reflection on the current urban rules and the traditional planning. Given the rigidity of the traditional methods of establishing urban occupation indexes, the main objective of this study is to assess the relevance of a flexible methodology -using parameter-based measurement and prescription of urban form, employed in procedural urban modeling software -to think over the mechanisms of territorial regulation. As a tool to actualize this method we chose to use the Esri CityEngine TM , tridimensional modeling software specialized in urban environment generation from a set of predefined rules. His procedural methodology -through a programming language called CGA (Computer Generated Architecture) -allows you to change the rules and urban indicators as necessary to make room for new design possibilities. Using the software, we modeled three scenarios: two analytical ones, illustrating the existing situation and the neighborhood's current legislation application and an alternative design exercise from the elaboration of different sets of CityEngine TM rules and their application on buildable areas.
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