Various solutions, which consist of numerous techniques, technologies and planning measures, are testing for reduction shoreline erosion, precisely for protection shore against waves attack. These methods may affect the site's geology and geomorphology, involving changes of the habitats in the site. Coastal defense projects and ideas must take into account the structure and functions of protected natural areas and their conservation objectives in order to avoid threatening the species and/or habitats on the site. The ecological impacts expected from coast protection structures on short-term are mostly negative, may disturbance the birds from their habitat, and destruct the marine coastal habitats with their own flora and fauna. In this study, we are indicating the effects of coastal protection measures on the ecosystem. Therefore, we present a part of methods applied or which will be apply on the Romanian shoreline and the effects that have an impact on the species and/or habitats on the site. The methods referred to “hard” methods so to harder the shore with fixed structure (bulkhead, seawall, revetment, breakwaters, sills or groins) or “soft” methods like beach nourishment that is not a sustainable method in time. The protection structures like breakwaters and groins trap or add sand and will change the beach geometry this means that can introduce new artificial material, which is extensively and rapidly colonized by algae and marine animals. In the cases of beach nourishment, under water sand nourishment and mudflat recharge, there are impacts both at the borrow site (the sediment source) and the target site. In the zone of extraction of borrow, sediments appear a damage and mortality to the benthos. Finally, it can conclude that some of the effects are beneficial for socio-economic aspect, but it is important also, the environment, which can bring bad consequences for earth landscape and make the ecosystem, be unbalanced.
The time allotted to a single ship at berth varies greatly depending on the characteristics of the ship, the volume of cargo and its specifications.. Taking into account the service time and the problem of terminals by overcrowding of waiting ships and available berths (which may vary in number, depending on the size of ships already berthed), the average waiting time is calculated and obtained. The operating process is usually sequential, ie each type of cargo is stacked separately from the other types. For this reason, the operating time was considered to consist of four other indicators, which correspond to the main types of cargo of Ro-Ro / Ro-Pax ships: complete trucks, semi-trailers, • passenger cars, vehicles as goods themselves. Also, the time of operation of the goods by the dockers can be formulated by two other different terms: the time related to the ship and the time in the terminal. In this context, we intend to analyze the capacity of the terminal in Constanța Port.. Two different scenarios are considered: a more "common" case for the studied terminal with 40 semi-trailers and 80 trucks to be unloaded and the same amount to be loaded and an "extreme" case in which all goods are composed of semi-trailers ( 160 plus 160 in total). By using simulation models, the values for the optimal quay time were obtained, in relation to the number of units for loading data in the specified scenarios. Using modeling algorithms, we obtain reports of situations that include tables and graphs that allow the optimization of terminal operation.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.