Background: Conservation projects in zoos may involve translocation of captive animals, which may lead to pathogen spread. Neotropical mammals are important hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. the etiological agents of Chagas disease and Leishmaniasis respectively. Studies of trypanosomatid-infected mammals and vectors (triatomines and sandflies) in zoos are important for the establishment of surveillance and control measures.Objectives: We investigated trypanosomatid infections in captive wild mammals, triatomines and sandflies at the Brasília Zoo. Methods:We collected triatomines during active bimonthly surveys, sampled sandflies using light-traps and obtained blood samples from 74 mammals between 2016 and 2017. We used quantitative PCR to detect trypanosomatids in vectors and mammals. Results:We found a colony of 19 Panstrongylus megistus in the porcupine unit and detected T. cruzi infections in five bugs. We captured 17 sandflies of four speciesincluding Nyssomyia whitmani and Lutzomyia longipalpis, but no Leishmania infection was detected. qPCR detected 50 T. cruzi-infected mammals belonging to 24 species and five groups of mammals (Carnivora, Cetartiodactyla, Perissodactyla, Pilosa and Primates); Leishmania DNA was detected in 23 mammals from 15 species, mainly carnivores. We detected trypanosomatid infections in 11 mammals born at the Brasília Zoo. Conclusions:Our results suggest vector-borne transmission of T. cruzi among maned wolves; measures to reduce the risk of new infections should therefore be taken. We also report sandfly presence and Leishmania-infected mammals at the Brasília Zoo. Translocation of wild mammals in and out of the Brasília Zoo should consider the risk of T. cruzi and Leishmania spread. K E Y W O R D S Conservation, Leishmania, Translocation, Trypanosoma, Zoonosis | 249 REIS Et al.

Leishmaniases are endemic in Brazil, where Leishmania infantum has been detected in humans, dogs, cats, and phlebotomine vectors. Monitoring synanthropic vector populations is critical for leishmaniasis control-surveillance in such transmission-prone areas. Here, a suite of molecular approaches were used to assess Leishmania infection prevalence and to identify blood-meal sources in a large sample of sand flies collected in anthropic environments of a Leishmania-transmission area in Mato Grosso do Sul State (Rio Verde de Mato Grosso municipality), Central-West Brazil. We sampled sand flies monthly (January-June 2014 and 2016) in one peri-domestic site within each of six neighborhoods with recent records of human visceral and/or tegumentary leishmaniasis. kDNA-qPCR plus rDNA ITS-sequencing were used to detect and identify Leishmania in pooled female sand flies. Individual engorged females (n = 58) were used for blood-meal analyses through High-Resolution Melting (HRM) targeting the mtDNA cytb gene. Overall, 90.5% of 420 CDC trap-nights yielded vectors, for a total catch of 24,989 sand flies. We sub-sampled and identified 3088 sand flies of 12 species, including 2775 Lutzomyia longipalpis (the most abundant species at all sampling sites) and 297 Nyssomyia whitmani. Female sand flies (n = 1261) were grouped in 159 pools, of which 92 Lu. longipalpis (minimum infection rate [MIR] 8%) and 7 Ny. whitmani pools (MIR 7%) were Leishmania kDNA-positive. Most positive Lu. longipalpis were collected in the 2016 rainy season. Sequencing confirmed L. infantum in Lu. longipalpis samples. HRM analyses identified chicken DNA in 57 sand flies (98.3%), 37 of which were Leishmania DNA-positive (64.9%); human blood was found in just one (Leishmania-negative) female. Our data show ongoing risk of L. infantum transmission to humans in the study area, where Leishmania-infected sandfly vectors are common and heavily rely on chicken blood in the peri-domestic environment.

Identificar os fatores associados à não adesão da higienização das mãos pelos profissionais de saúde. Revisão integrativa de oito estudos selecionados utilizando uma estratégia de busca baseada nos descritores em saúde (DeCs), nas bases de dados BDENF, LILACS, Medline via BVS. Fatores são evidenciados como a sobrecarga de trabalho, irritação de pele, infraestrutura, substituição da HM por luvas, falhas no conhecimento, esquecimento, falta de incentivo, falta de insumo e a divergência das categorias profissionais. Também foi evidenciado fatores ligados ao sistema e ao ambiente de trabalho. A HM e as IRAs ainda é um problema raiz multifatorial, portanto as ações de intervenção devem ser voltadas tanto para o profissional que atua diretamente com o paciente, quanto para os gestores hospitalares. Além disso, faz-se necessário novos estudos que abordem esse tema, para que seja possível fomentar estratégias mais efetivas para a adequada higienização das mãos. Descritores: Enfermagem, Pessoal de Saúde, Higiene das Mãos, Segurança do Paciente.   Factors impacting the practice of hand hygiene Abstract: To identify factors associated with non-adherence to hand hygiene by health professionals. Integrative review of eight selected studies using a search strategy based on health descriptors (DeCs), in the databases BDENF, LILACS, Medline via VHL. Factors are evidenced such as work overload, skin irritation, infrastructure, replacement of MH by gloves, knowledge gaps, forgetfulness, lack of incentive, lack of input and the divergence of professional categories. Factors related to the system and the work environment were also highlighted. HM and ARIs are still a multifactorial root problem, so intervention actions should be aimed both at the professional who works directly with the patient, as well as for hospital managers. In addition, further studies that address this issue are needed, so that it is possible to promote more effective strategies for proper hand hygiene. Descriptors: Nursing, Health Personnel, Hand Hygiene, Patient Safety.   Factores que afectan la práctica de la higiene de manos Resumen: Identificar factores asociados a la falta de adherencia a la higiene de manos por parte de los profesionales sanitarios. Revisión integradora de ocho estudios seleccionados mediante una estrategia de búsqueda basada en descriptores de salud (DeCs), en las bases de datos BDENF, LILACS, Medline vía VHL. Se evidencian factores como sobrecarga de trabajo, irritación cutánea, infraestructura, sustitución de MH por guantes, brechas de conocimiento, olvido, falta de incentivo, falta de insumos y divergencia de categorías profesionales. También se destacaron factores relacionados con el sistema y el entorno laboral. La HM y las IRA siguen siendo un problema de raíz multifactorial, por lo que las acciones de intervención deben estar dirigidas tanto al profesional que trabaja directamente con el paciente, como a los gestores hospitalarios. Además, se necesitan más estudios que aborden este tema, de modo que sea posible promover estrategias más efectivas para una correcta higiene de las manos. Descriptores: Enfermería, Personal de Salud, Higiene de Manos, Seguridad del Paciente.