Obesity causes insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia which causes skeletal muscle dysfunction resulting in a decrease in contraction force and a reduced capacity to avoid fatigue, which overall, causes an increase in oxidative stress. KATP channel openers such as diazoxide and the implementation of exercise protocols have been reported to be actively involved in protecting skeletal muscle against metabolic stress; however, the effects of diazoxide and exercise on muscle contraction and oxidative stress during obesity have not been explored. This study aimed to determine the effect of diazoxide in the contraction of skeletal muscle of obese male Wistar rats (35 mg/kg), and with an exercise protocol (five weeks) and the combination from both. Results showed that the treatment with diazoxide and exercise improved muscular contraction, showing an increase in maximum tension and total tension due to decreased ROS and lipid peroxidation levels and improved glutathione redox state. Therefore, these results suggest that diazoxide and exercise improve muscle function during obesity, possibly through its effects as KATP channel openers.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic degenerative disease characterized by hyperglycemia and oxidative stress. Iron catalyzes free radical overproduction. High iron concentrations have previously been reported to promote an increase in oxidative stress; however, the effect of iron restriction in diabetes has not yet been explored, so we tested to see if iron restriction in diabetic rats reduces oxidative damage and improved muscle function. Wistar rats were assigned to 4 groups: Control; Diabetic; Diabetic rats with a high iron diet, and Diabetic with dietary iron restriction. After 8 weeks the rats were sacrificed, the muscles were extracted to prepare homogenates, and serum was obtained for biochemical measurements. Low iron diabetic rats showed an increase in the development of muscle strength in both muscles. Dietary iron restriction decreased triglyceride concentrations compared to the untreated diabetic rats and the levels of extremely low-density lipoproteins. Aggravation of lipid peroxidation was observed in the diabetic group with a high iron diet, while these levels remained low with iron restriction. Iron restriction improved muscle strength development and reduced fatigue times; this was related to better lipid profile control and decreased oxidant stress markers.
Obesity is a chronic disease that impairs skeletal muscle function, affects the ability to contract, and promotes the development of fatigue. For this reason, the study of treatments that seek to reduce the harmful effects of obesity on muscle tissue has been deepened. Diazoxide treatment and various exercise protocols have been proposed to protect skeletal muscle against oxidative stress and its effects. However, the intensity and duration of exercise combined with diazoxide that would obtain the best results for improving skeletal muscle function in obese rats is unknown. To this end, this study evaluated the effects of three different exercise intensities combined with diazoxide on contraction capacity, resistance to fatigue, markers of oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, ROS, and glutathione redox status of skeletal muscle. The results showed that treatments with diazoxide and exercise at different intensities improved muscle contraction capacity by reducing oxidative stress during obesity, with the best results being obtained with low-intensity exercise in combination with diazoxide. Therefore, these results suggest that diazoxide and low-intensity exercise improve muscle function during obesity by decreasing oxidative stress with the same efficiency as a moderate-intensity exercise protocol.
Currently, the incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in the world population has obtained epidemic proportions, becoming one of the leading causes of death. One of the main complications of this disease are ulcers caused by neuropathy and diabetic vasculopathy. Diabetic ulcers can be prevented with proper follow‐up. However, pharmacological treatments for such pathology are usually expensive, lengthy, and inefficient. Ethereal oils or essential oils are a complex mixture, mainly of secondary metabolites of lipophilic and highly volatile plants, they are highly concentrated. Tea tree essential oil is obtained from the leaves and ailerons of Melaleuca alternifolia. Its main constituent is terpinen‐4‐ol. This compound is considered to be primarily responsible, together with other components, such as α‐terpinene, γ‐terpinene, and α‐terpineol, for the antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoic, anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the oil. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of Melaleuca alternifolia oil on the healing of diabetic ulcers and the deterioration of muscle strength caused by them. Male Wistar rats (250 g) were used in four groups: wounded diabetic rats treated with melaleuca alternifolia, healthy wounded rats treated with melaleuca alternifolia, diabetic rats wounded without treatment, healthy rats wounded without treatment. The long extensor finger muscle (EDL) of one of the extremities and the biceps femoral muscle of the other limb were injured by simulating diabetic ulcers. These wounds were treated with essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia for 11 days. During the administration of the treatment, the injury and its closing progress were monitored, measuring their diameter. At the end of the procedure, the EDL muscle was removed for muscle tension tests. The results showed that diabetic wounded rats treated with Melaleuca and untreated closed simultaneously at eleven days. However, untreated wounded rats remained open until the ninth day, showing a diameter of 7 mm at the beginning of treatment and a diameter of 4 mm on the ninth day, while the rats injured with Melaleuca began to close after the third day, showing a diameter of 7 mm at the beginning of the treatment and a diameter of 4 mm on the third day and progressing until closing. On the other hand, the results of muscle tension showed that diabetic wounded rats treated with Melaleuca improved both maximum tension by 22% and total tension by 26% compared to the untreated injured diabetic group. In conclusion, it was observed that the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia has a significant beneficial effect on healing and cell proliferation, as well as muscle function.
Muscle atrophy is defined as a decrease muscle tissue size due to cellular shrinkage caused by loss of organelles, cytoplasm and proteins. The main characteristic of this pathology is the increase in protein degradation and a decrease in protein re‐synthesis. It has been documented that the mitochondrial ATP sensitive potassium channel (mitoKATP), is involved in the resistance of the muscle fatigue and recovery from ischemia‐reperfusion injury and protection during atrophy process; Nicorandil has been described as a selective mitoKATP opener which confers protection to muscle during stressful conditions, the aim of this study was to determine the protective effect of Nicorandil over the damage caused by atrophy.C57BL/6 male mice 14–16 weeks‐old were used for the experimental basis; these animals were separated into 4 groups: 1) Control, 2) Nicorandil, 3) Atrophy and 4) Atrophy treated with Nicorandil. Atrophy was induced by hindlimb unloading by the tail method. Nicorandil was purveying in 40 mg/kg doses by intramuscular injection during 14 days. Once finished the treatment, the animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and the hindlimb were used for mitochondria isolation, once obtained the isoled mitochondria the lipid‐peroxidation was measured by the TBARS method. This reaction was measured in a Spectrophotometer Perkin Elmer Lambda 18 UV/VIS in ʎ of 523 nm. The results were for the group Nicorandil was higher against the Control group 50.5827%, the Atrophy group was 53.03% against the Control group, and the Nicrandil+Atrophy group had an increase in the activity against the Control group.Lipid‐peroxidation had been used as a marker of oxidative stress, as we know, this has been stablished that atrophy leads to an accumulation of toxic substances as reactive oxygen species, like we observe here the Nicorandil treatment has no effect in healthy mice but the opening of this channel downregulates lipid oxidation in the atrophied that can give us a thought of cytoprotection.Support or Funding InformationRMP‐CIC2017This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Exercise has been implemented as an efficient method to maintain an optimal state of health, also, has been used as a non‐pharmacological complementary treatment in numerous pathologies. It has been documented that the application of exercise protocols improves muscle functioning, prevents lipids accumulation and cell damage, as well as the delay of onset of fatigue. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of three different intensities of exercise, low, medium, and high, on the development of muscle strength, fatigue resistance, and lipid profile in rats this, to identify the protocol with greater efficiency. Male Wistar rats (250–300 g) were divided into four groups: control, exercised low intensity, exercised medium intensity, and exercised high intensity. The soleus muscle and the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) of an extremity were extracted to perform muscle tension tests, while the serum was obtained to determine the lipid profile. Results showed an increase in maximum and total tension in each of the three exercise protocols respect to control, an increase of 20.12% for maximum tension, and 14.16% for the total tension in low‐intensity exercise protocol group. While in medium intensity group was observed an increase of 40.02% for the maximum tension and 28.54% for the total tension. Finally, the high‐intensity group showed an increase of 60.25% in maximum tension and 42.52% in total tension. Regarding lipid profile, rats submitted to exercise protocols obtained lower cholesterol levels compared to control. Low intensity protocol showed a decrease of 20% (ẋ = 60 mg/dL), while the average protocol intensity a decrease of 23% (ẋ = 58 mg/dL), finally the high intensity protocol presented a decrease of 53% (ẋ = 35 mg/dL), with respect to the control (ẋ = 75 mg/dL), observing greater efficiency in the high intensity group. On the other hand, triglyceride levels showed the same trend, presenting a decrease in each of the protocols, low (ẋ = 75 mg/dL), medium (ẋ = 70 mg/dL) and high intensity (ẋ = 65 mg/dL), with respect to control (ẋ = 87 mg/dL), this decrease was more evident in the group subjected to the high intensity protocol. These results prove that the implementation of an exercise protocol improves the functioning of skeletal muscle, by increasing its contraction and fatigue resistance time. In the same way, the use of these protocols decreases the lipid profile in the serum of rats. Besides, it was found that high‐intensity exercise proved to be more efficient in reducing cholesterol and triglycerides.
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