In this paper, we fill the gap in the literature by identifying a negative relationship between fuel ethanol consumption and CO2 emissions, building on a sample of 17 European countries covering seven years, from 2010 to 2016. Based on a Panel Smooth Transition Regression approach we show that countries with high levels of income inequality have difficulties in avoiding environmental degradation by promoting policies and regulations for more intense use of biofuels. Furthermore, we bring strong empirical evidence suggesting that biofuels could be an alternative in the future to reducing CO2 emissions. In our opinion, this non-linear analysis could provide the scientific basis for authorities, especially the European Commission to promote environmental policies to a specific country with different levels of carbon emissions rather than to the entire group.
This paper has aimed at evaluating the concentration of bioethanol obtained using sunflower stem as natural support, molasses as carbon source and Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast in a continuous flow reactor. The natural support was tested to investigate the immobilization/growth of S. cerevisiae yeast. The concentration of bioethanol produced by fermentation was analyzed by gas chromatography using two methods: aqueous solutions and extraction in organic phase. The CO2 flow obtained during the fermentation process was considered to estimate when the yeast was deactivated. The laboratory experiments have highlighted that the use of plant-based wastes to bioconversion in ethanol could be a non-pollutant and sustainable alternative.
The regional development is a complex process of harmonious transformation of all the area of a country, i.e., it keeps a moderate balance between the economical development and social development of different areas, taking into account the sustainable management of the natural resources and the protection of the environment. In the context of the rural space conditions, the agriculture needs to effectively contribute to the development of the whole set of social, economical and ecological issues that they present. Considering its size (88,7% of the entire land of the country), rural land is very important for the agriculture that needs to be looked at within an integrated approach with strong emphasis on the environment protection, respectively on the preservation of the landscapes and natural habitats that are not deteriorated.
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