Dairy product consumption is a common habit in Brazil. These products present a good matrix for probiotic incorporation. Thus, in this study the feasibility of producing a probiotic “requeijão cremoso” incorporated with Bacillus coagulans GBI-30 6086 in three different steps and its metabolic effect in an animal model for 2 weeks has been evaluated. Wistar adult health rats were randomized into one to five groups (n = 8 for each group): Control (C); “requeijão cremoso” without probiotic (RC); probiotic inoculated in the milk before pasteurization at 65°C/30 min (RPP); “requeijão cremoso” inoculated before the fusion step and consequently exposed to 90°C/5 min (RPF); and “requeijão cremoso” inoculated after fusion step, i.e., once the product temperature reached 50°C (RPAF). At the end of treatment, analysis of molecular markers of proteins of stress and antioxidant system, HSP 25, 60, 70 and 90, SOD and catalase were performed in the animals’ muscles by Western Blot technique. The HSP25, HSP90 and catalase levels of C, RPP, RPF, and RPAF were similar, indicating that the homeostasis remained unchanged. The incorporation of B. coagulans GBI-30 6086 in the “requeijão cremoso” was shown to be stable and the microorganism remained viable in all steps tested. The incorporation of the probiotic strain in the fusion stage facilitated the technological process, since it allowed a better homogenization of the product and did not affect the maintenance of the metabolic homeostasis of rats.
Most plants develop severe toxicity symptoms when grown on NH4+ as the sole nitrogen source, resulting in physiological and nutritional disturbances that slow vegetable growth. In this scenario of NH4+ stress, it is important to use strategies to mitigate this toxicity, and the use of silicon (Si) has promoted promising results. However, underlying studies on the effects of ammonia toxicity on C:N:P stoichiometric homeostasis and the role of Si in these stoichiometric ratios are lacking. In this study, we investigated the effects of different NH4+ concentration on the C:N:P stoichiometry and yield of sugar beet grown under hydroponic conditions, and examined whether the application of Si can alleviate the detrimental effects caused by toxic levels of NH4+. We conducted a hydroponic experiment to evaluate the effects of five concentrations of ammonium (1, 7.5, 15, 22.5, and 30 mmol L− 1) on C:N:P stoichiometry and yield of sugar beet cv. Early Wonder in the absence and presence (2 mmol L− 1) of Si. The experimental design was a randomized block design based on a 5 × 2 factorial scheme with four replicates. Our results indicate that in presence of Si both [N] and [P] in shoots and roots increased significantly and reaching its highest value at 15 mmol L− 1 of NH4+ in the nutrient solution, while shoot [C] remained stable, in roots increased with NH4+ concentrations of 22.5 and 30 mmol L− 1, respectively. In addition, shoot and root [Si] increased as higher levels of NH4+ in the nutrient solution. Our findings showed that homeostatic instability under highest levels of NH4+, especially in the plants cultivated without Si in the nutritive solution resulted in decreased shoots and roots dry matter production. In conclusion, both NH4+ concentration or Si in presence or absence in the nutrient solution can affect C:N:P stoichiometry of sugar beet.
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