Brazil has the 6 th greatest planted forest area in the world and more than 3.7 million hectares of Eucalyptus. Although, still exists lots of questions related to environmental impacts of this activity, specially focused on hydrological alterations. Since late 1990´s landscape mosaic of middle Paraíba do Sul river valley has been rapidly modified by spreading of Eucalyptus patches in substitution to cattle grazing grasslands. Our current research interests are driven to understand the role played by Eucalyptus controlling the hillslope, headwater basins and main rivers hydrology and erosion and explain how these changes may affect the regional landscape system. Sesmaria experimental basin is composed of four monitoring stations in the main rivers (Feio, Formoso, São João e Sesmaria rivers) and also in four headwater basins with different spacing and management to observe water discharge and quality (turbidity and electrical conductivity). Ground water level, tensiometry and road erosion are also going to be monitored in the headwater bains. Precipitation has been measured in eight different positions to avoid analysis errors related to spatial variability of rainfall.
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