Bulging of the inguinal region is a frequent complaint in the pediatric population and sonographic findings can be challenging for radiologists. In this review we update the sonographic findings of the most common disorders that affect the inguinal canal in neonates and children, with a focus on the processus vaginalis abnormalities such as congenital hydroceles, indirect inguinal hernias and cryptorchidism, illustrated with cases collected at a quaternary hospital during a 7-year period. We emphasize the importance of correctly classifying different types of congenital hydrocele and inguinal hernia to allow for early surgical intervention when necessary. We have systematically organized and illustrated all types of congenital hydrocele and inguinal hernias based on embryological, anatomical and pathophysiological findings to assist readers in the diagnosis of even complex cases of inguinal canal ultrasound evaluation in neonates and children. We also present rare diagnoses such as the abdominoscrotal hydrocele and the herniation of uterus and ovaries into the canal of Nuck.
Licania tomentosa (Chrysobalanaceae), also known as “oiti,” is a forest tree mainly used for urban afforestation in Brazil. Although anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is the main disease that threatens this tree, the identification of the species was based on morphological characteristics only. Owing to the need to use the molecular approach to pinpoint the identity of this pathogen with precision, the aim of this study was to identify endophytic and pathogenic Colletotrichum isolates from L. tomentosa based on both morphological and molecular data. For prior identification, partial sequences of the GAPDH region were obtained of all the 35 isolates (10 endophytic and 25 pathogenic). After analysis, ten isolates, representative of each clade, were selected for multilocus phylogenetic analysis (ACT, CAL, CHS‐1, GAPDH, TUB2, SOD2 and ITS). In addition, a tree based on the ApMat region was obtained for comparison with the multilocus tree. Morphological characterization (colony growth, conidial size and appressoria shape) was also performed for each species. To prove pathogenicity, L. tomentosa leaves were inoculated on the adaxial surface by mycelial plugs and conidial suspension. All isolates obtained belong to the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides complex. The Apmat tree has the same topology as the multilocus tree, allowing for the discrimination of the different species of Colletotrichum on L. tomentosa. Endophytic isolates of C. fructicola, C. queenslandicum, and C. siamense were acquired whereas pathogenic isolates were identified as C. siamense and C. tropicale, although all species were pathogenic on the wounded leaves of L. tomentosa. This is the first worldwide report of this Colletotrichum species associated with L. tomentosa and the first recording of C. queenslandicum in Brazil.
Curvularia leaf spot, caused by Curvularia gladioli, is an important disease of gladiolus. Inoculated leaf samples of the Gladiolus grandiflorus 'T-704' and 'Veronica' varieties were obtained 1 to 192 h after inoculation (hai). There was no difference in the percentage of conidial germination and appressorium formation on the leaves of both varieties. Conidia exhibited polar germination, and most conidia produced one to two germ tubes. Protoappressoria were observed at 1 and 3 hai in 'Veronica' and 'T-704', respectively. The most common form of fungal penetration was direct. Both intracellular and intercellular colonization of the fungal hyphae were observed in 'T-704' (96 hai) and 'Veronica' (192 hai). However, there was less hyphal development in 'Veronica'. Fungal sporulation occurred in both varieties 7 to 8 days after inoculation. Conidiophores were observed emerging through the papillae and stomatal openings in both gladiolus varieties, but were visually more abundant for 'T-704'. This study provides insights into the infection process of C. gladioli on gladiolus leaves.
Pachira glabra (Malvaceae) occurs naturally in Brazil's Atlantic Forest and is used to recover degraded areas of permanent preservation. Symptoms of leaf spot caused by Diaporthe spp. have been observed in P. glabra saplings in a Brazilian forest nursery. The aim of this study was to identify the fungal species employing morphological characteristics, pathogenicity tests, and DNA sequence comparisons for the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), β-tubulin (TUB), translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1), and calmodulin (CAL) gene regions. A novel species was identified and described, named here as Diaporthe pachirae. Furthermore, this is the first report of a species belonging to Diaporthe on P. glabra in Brazil. The current study revealed that documentation of new fungi is a relevant forerunner to any research with natural forests.
Inoculating plants with a mix of beneficial microorganisms can significantly improve plant growth and contribute to sustainable agriculture. However, it is unclear if mixed inoculations of microorganisms provide better results than inoculations of a single beneficial microorganism. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of beneficial microorganisms on the performance of upland rice in a greenhouse experiment using a completely randomized design with three repetitions and 26 treatments. The treatments consisted of inoculations of Bacillus sp. (BRM32110), Serratia sp. (BRM32114), Azospirillum sp. (1381), Bacillus sp. (1301), A. brasilense (Ab-V5) and a pool of Trichoderma asperellum in isolation or in a mixture in addition to a control treatment (without application of microorganisms). Microorganisms significantly affected gas exchange, biomass production and nutrient accumulation in upland rice plants. The mixed treatments of BRM32114 + pool of T. asperellum and Ab-V5 + pool of T. asperellum were more effective than the other treatments, with improved gas exchange variables and nutrient concentration. The 1301 + Ab-V5 mixed treatment showed higher averages for biomass production than the other treatments, and these values were significantly different from those of the control treatment.
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