The 21<sup>st</sup> century is undoubtedly a period of enormous progress in the field of digital technology, a period in which the boundary between the real world and the virtual world becomes less and less visible. The Internet has undeniably become a facilitation of everyday life, since it is a tool of work, communication or a way to spend free time for many users. The virtual world is present in almost all areas of our lives, and people spend more and more time in front of the computer screens, operating websites, e-mails or social networks. Highly developed digital technology is a boon of the 21st century, but despite its numerous advantages, negative aspects are also visible. Virtual knowledge displaces physical interpersonal contacts; physical activity is replaced by spending free time in front of a computer monitor. Various threats (social, psychological, psychological, ethical and moral) resulting from modern digital technologies and the increasing degree of dependence on them are extremely significant. The authors of this article present the results of own research, aiming at making the reader aware that there are both positive and negative aspects of the virtual world.
The article presents the most important legal acts regulating the activities of special services in Poland in the years 1990-2018. As part of the political transformation, the Office of State Protection (Polish abbrev. UOP) was set up according to the Act of April 6, 1990. It replaced the previous civil intelligence and counterintelligence. In 2002, the Office was liquidated and replaced the Intelligence Agency (Polish abbrev. AW), and the Internal Security Agency (Polish abbrev. ABW) were established under the Act of May 24, 2002. The AW was created to protect the external security of the state, while the ABW was intended to protect the internal security of the state and its constitutional order. The mentioned Act divided the tasks between those services. Even though preventing and detecting crimes of corruption of public officers was one of the ABW’s tasks, the Act of June 9, 2006, established the Central Anti-Corruption Bureau (Polish abbrev. CBA), giving it the status of a special service, although the CBA performs typical police tasks. On the other hand, the Act of June 9, 2006, on the Military Counterintelligence Service (Polish abbrev. SKW) and the Military Intelligence Service (Polish abbrev. SWW) constituted a legal basis for the operation of both services in place of the liquidated Military Information Services (Polish abbrev. WSI). The article focuses on the services currently operating. The legal regulations constituting the basis for their functioning were analyzed. These are mainly competence acts, to which many amendments were introduced. They resulted, among others, from the implementation of directives and regulations of European institutions, decisions of the Constitutional Tribunal, the introduction of new laws, concerning, e.g., the establishment of the State Protection Service (Polish abbrev. SOP) or changes in the Marshal’s Guard’s powers. Attention was drawn to numerous ordinances amending the statutes, particularly as regards the ABW, and thus reorganizing the structures of offices.
The article is theoretical and analytical and aims to analyse innovation in knowledge transfer of universities. Its first part discusses the aim of the didactic and educational activity of every educational institution as well as describes innovation and innovativeness. Next the article attempts to assess the innovativeness of students as well as evaluation of the education offer at universities and verify students' approach to the issues of innovation.
Peace missions in the modern world are inextricably linked to the political and social processes taking place in specific regions of the globe. When looking closer to the more than fifty-year history of international peacekeeping operations, it should be noted that as time passes, they undergo constant transformations. Their types, goals, and ways of implementation are changing. That is because the environment in which such operations are carried out is changing. They are also transforming the goals and priorities of local and international communities. Permanent modification is also subject to threats in the modern world. Peace missions are conducted under ever-changing social, economic, and political conditions. They must be flexible so that they can adapt to new challenges. Success is never guaranteed because the tasks related to maintaining peace are carried out in challenging conditions. The success of the peace mission depends on many factors, such as the composition of the peacekeeping mission (military personnel, police, civilian employees), logistical support, entrusted tasks and the environment in which the peace mission operates.
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