Milk is one of the very important nutrients of human diet. The presence of toxic elements in milk may threaten the public health. This study reports the levels of Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt (Co) and Lead (Pb) in raw cow's milk collected from different areas of Zanzibar Island during March -May 2016. The samples of raw milk were analyzed by Thermo Scientific-Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer for quantitative determination of the metals in the matrix. The concentration of Co in this study ranged from ND at Mwanakwerekwe (MK1 and MK2) to a maximum of 0.004 mg/L at Mshelishelini (MS5) and Fuoni (F5) sites with mean concentration of 0.020 ± 0.003 mg/L for all sites. Concentration of Pb ranged between 0.05 -0.51 mg/L at Fuoni (F7) and Mwanakwerekwe (MK1) respectively, with mean concentration of 0.263 ± 0.031 mg/L for all sites. However, Cd was only detected in one sample collected at Fuoni (F3) with a concentration of 0.001 mg/L. The results revealed that cow's milk is contaminated with toxic metals, particularly Pb which exceeded the WHO maximum permissible level of 0.02 mg/L. The study furthermore sheds light on possible consequences to public health. It is recommended that, stakeholders especially in Zanzibar such as Zanzibar Food and Drug Authorities (ZFDA) and Zanzibar Bureau of Standards (ZBS) as well as researchers, use the findings of this study for policy making, future study plans, formulation of technical strategies to control milk contamination, risk assessment and develop new alternative methods to measure milk contamination even at a low detection limit for the sake of the consumers' welfare before posing any serious effects to their health.
Atmospheric lead and cadmium either in particilate form or fumes were measured in three main departments of a factory which produced different types of metals and alloys, and where lead and cadmium were the predominant air pollutants. The blood levels of these metals as well as the serum choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and cholinesterase (ChE) activities and total protein content of 118 workers were determined. The concentrations of both forms of lead measured in the work environment exceeded the threshold limit value (TLV) whereas those of cadmium were below the (TLV) set for cadmium. An increase in blood levels of lead and cadmium and a decrease in the ChAT and ChE activities and protein content of serum of the exposed workers was noticed.
Purpose:The study aimed to investigate the impact of moderate intensity treadmill exercise parathyroid hormone and serum calcium levels to in elderly women. Methods: Fifty three elderly women with mean age of 64.45±3.06 were allocated into experimental and control groups at random. In the experimental group, participants received moderate intensity treadmill exercise calculated at 60% to 70% of their predetermined maximum heart rate, 3 sessions per week for 12 weeks, while control group received no treatment. Biochemistry analysis was used to measure parathyroid hormone and calcium levels prior and after the intervention. Results: The results of statistical analysis revealed a considerable decrease in parathyroid hormone with a substantial increase in serum calcium in the experimental group (p value < 0.05) with non-significant difference in control group after intervention. Conclusion: Moderate aerobic training reduces parathyroid hormone level while increasing serum calcium concentration in the elderly that lower risk of postmenopausal osteoporosis
Globally, colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most often diagnosed solid tumors, with a significant death and morbidity rate. CRC biomarkers are desperately needed for early detection. Traditional CRC tumor markers do not have the best diagnostic performance. The levels of leptin and vitamin D were evaluated. CRC patients before treatment (n=16), CRC patients after treatment (n=14), and 20 patients with benign tumors were included in this case-control study. ELISA was used to determine the levels of traditional tumor markers (CA19.9 and CEA) as well as candidate markers (leptin and vitamin D). Using area receiver-operating characteristic analysis (AUC), the diagnostic performance of single and combination markers was assessed (ROC). The levels of CEA and CA 19.9 in the three groups studied were not significantly different. Vitamin D and leptin were significantly decreased (p= 0.03 and p= 0.02; respectively) in CRC patients than after benign patients. A novel combination, based on the combination of vitamin D and leptin was developed for CRC diagnosis using stepwise multivariate discriminant analysis (MDA). The combination can be represented as = (4.65vitamin D ((ng/ml)) × 0.009 + Leptin (ng/ml) × 0.441). AUCs were reported when leptin was used as a single biomarker for distinguishing CRC from benign (0.78) and non-treated CRC from treated CRC (0.67).When leptin and vitamin D were combined, the AUCs increased to 0.84 and0.72, respectively. Conclusion: Leptin and vitamin D were shown to be promising diagnostic and follow-up indicators for CRC in our investigation.
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