Moniliasis caused by the fungus Moniliophthora roreri is one of the most destructive cacao diseases in tropical America. In 2021, the presence of the pathogen was confirmed in cacao plantations in Brazil. This is the first proteomic study of the M. roreri protein profile of ungerminated spores and mycelium compared by 2D SDS‐PAGE (Two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis) associated with mass spectrometry. A total of 446 spots were detected on ungerminated spores gels and 402 spots on M. roreri mycelial gels. A total of 29 proteins were identified from the ungerminated spores, 21 of them were exclusive, and 53 were identified in the mycelium, 16 of them were exclusive. Most of the identified proteins at both development stages were categorized as being involved in metabolic processes, reduction/oxidation processes, and protein synthesis and folding. The interaction networks observed expand the known interactions of these proteins, resulting in eight functional clusters for proteins identified in ungerminated spores and seven clusters for mycelial proteins. In addition, a biological model of ungerminated spores and mycelium with cell location of proteins was constructed. The results contribute to a better understanding of the metabolic mechanisms of M. roreri during dormancy and vegetative development, which can support future studies for strategies to control moniliasis.
Resumo -É apresentado o levantamento florístico de Piptocarpha (Asteraceae) no estado da Bahia, Brasil. Foram reconhecidas doze espécies: duas apresentam hábito arbóreo e dez são arbustos escandentes. Piptocarpha notata representa um novo registro para o estado, e P. gustavo-valerioana e P. riedelii são endêmicas. É apresentada uma chave de identificação, descrições morfológicas, comentários taxonômicos, mapas de distribuição geográfica e ilustrações das espécies. Palavras-chave adicionais: Floresta Atlântica, florística, taxonomia.Abstract (Flora of Bahia: Asteraceae -Piptocarpha (Vernonieae: Pitpotcarphinae)) -A floristic survey of the Piptocarpha (Asteraceae) from Bahia State, Brazil, is presented. Twelve species were recognized, two of which are trees and ten are scandent shrubs. Piptocarpha notata represents a new record for the state, and P. gustavo-valerioana and P. riedelii are endemic. An identification key, morphological descriptions, taxonomic notes, geographic distribution maps and illustrations of the species are given. Additional key words: Atlantic Forest, floristics, taxonomy. ASTERACEAEErvas, subarbustos, arbustos, raramente lianas ou árvores. Folhas alternas ou opostas, raro verticiladas, simples, lobadas ou divididas, sem estípulas. Inflorescências em capítulo, receptáculo envolvido por brácteas, solitário ou reunido em uma capitulescência, glabro ou com tricomas, areolado, aveolado com depressões ou paleáceo. Flores uni ou bissexuadas, sésseis ou subsésseis, iguais ou diferenciadas em flores do raio e disco; corola pentâmera, gamopétala, actinomorfa (tubulosa, tubuloso-filiforme) ou zigomorfa (bilabiada, ligulada, pseudobilabiada); cálice ausente ou modificado em pápus; estames 5, epipétalos, filetes livres entre si; anteras sinânteras, envolvendo o estilete e o estigma, rimosas, base truncada, sagitada, cordiforme, caudada (estéril) ou calcarada (fértil); estilete solitário, filiforme, ápice dividido em dois ramos, papilosos ou pilosos, superfícies internas estigmáticas; ovário ínfero, bicarpelar, unilocular, com um óvulo, placentação ereta. Pápus cerdosos, coroniformes, aristados ou paleáceos, presentes ou não. Fruto cipsela, cilíndrica, prismática, costelada, obovada, fusiforme, globosa ou comprimida dorso-ventralmente.Asteraceae é a maior família de angiospermas, representando 10% da flora de eudicotiledôneas, com 24.000-30.000 espécies e 1.600-1.700 gêneros, e distribuição cosmopolita (Funk et al. 2009) Arbustos escandentes, raramente árvores; ramos cilíndricos ou angulosos, estriados, tricomas estrelados ou lepidotos, raramente simples, cinéreos ou ferrugíneos, pontuações glandulares presentes ou não. Folhas alternas, coriáceas, subcoriáceas ou raramente membranáceas ou cartáceas; lâmina com margem inteira, denticulada ou raramente revoluta, discolores ou concolores, tricomas estrelados ou lepidotos, geralmente com indumento tomentoso, pontuações glandulares presentes ou não, pecíolo sulcado. Inflorescências axilares corimbimformes, glomeruliformes ou umbeliformes. Capítulos homógamos, ...
The leaf surface combines biochemical substances and pre-existing morphological structures, as well as the presence of microorganisms. This dynamic environment constitutes a plant's initial defense, as well as the first contact of phytopathogens during invasion. Spore germination starts on the phylloplane and is a fundamental process for fungal development, and hence the establishment of disease. In this review, we address the phylloplane's innate defense mechanisms and biochemical reactions involved in the early stage of phytopathogenic fungal development. The focus is present the pre-infection molecular and biochemical processes of the interaction between Theobroma cacao and Moniliophthora perniciosa, showing how the defense mechanisms of the phylloplane can act to inhibit proteins involved at the beginning of fungal spore germination. We conclude that the phylloplane of the cocoa resistant genotype to M. perniciosa has performed chemical compounds, pre-existing morphological structures and the presence of microorganisms that participate in the pre-infection defense of the plant. Also, the inhibition of proteins involved in the germination mechanism of M. perniciosa basidiospores by chemical and structural compounds present in the cocoa phylloplane may decrease the disease index. Therefore, understanding how the phylloplane defense acts in the fungal spore germination process is essential to develop pre-infection control strategies for cacao plants against witches' broom.
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