SummaryIn several manuscripts, written between 1894 and 1897, Twardowski developed a new theory of judgement with two types of judgement: existential and relational judgements. In Zur Lehre he tried to stay within a Brentanian framework, although he introduced the distinction between content and object in the theory of judgement. The introduction of this distinction forced Twardowski to revise further Brentano's theory. His changes concerned judgements about relations and about non-present objects. The latter are considered special cases of relational judgements. The existential judgements are analysed in a Brentanian way; whereas relational judgements are analysed in a Brentanian way only as far as the act is concerned, but not when it comes to the object: the object of a relational judgement is a relationship. With this notion of relationship Twardowski comes close to introducing a concept of state of affairs for the object of (relational) judgements.
have done much to show in what way the idealism of T.H. Green and F.H. Bradley was an important factor in the origin of British analytic philosophy and especially in the development of Moore's and Russell's thought. Baldwin's monograph on Moore, published in 1990, and the monographs of both Hylton and Griffin on Russell, published in 1990 and 1991, show not only that Russell and Moore had been idealistic philosophers in their youth, but also that idealistic themes influenced their later, realist philosophy. There need thus be no doubt about the influence of idealistic philosophy on the origin of British analytic philosophy.Those monographs leave open a question, though: Is the reaction towards idealism purely an immanent development of British philosophy, or were Moore and Russell influenced by other, less idealistic types of philosophy?In this paper I deal with this question by studying the early writings of Twardowski, on the one hand, and those of Moore and Russell in the period from ! 899 to 1903, on the other. It may be questioned whether the theories of Moore and Russell in that period can be characterized as analytic: they are not analytic in the sense in which we call Russell's "On Denoting" (1905) analytic in so far as "On Denoting" is a paradigm of analytic philosophy as critique of language. Taking a broader concept of analytic philosophy we may call their philosophies in that period analytic, however, because at that time Moore and Russell consider analysis a fruitful method in philosophy. For them, the analysis of thought is possible through the analysis of language or through the analysis of our acts and their objects. This notion of analysis does not set off analytic philosophy against phenomenology or descriptive psychology. My aim is to show that the transition from idealism to analytic philosophy was much smoother than is sometimes believed, because the transition was prepared by continental and British theories of the mind. These theories of the mind we find both in philosophy and in psychology -two fields that at the end of the nineteenth century were not separate. My thesis is historical: my aim is to show that twentieth century, British analytic philosophy emerged from a much broader field of philosophies than sometimes is believed. Contemporary philosophy can profit from the ideas in this broader field from which analytic philosophy originated, for example, in the theory of wholes and parts, in the way we think that analysis might still be a fruitful method for philosophy, and Axiomathes, No. 3, December 1996, pp. 295-324. 296MARIA VAN DER SCHAAR in dealing with problems around meaning and indexicality, and in the theory of judgment in general.At the end of the nineteenth century, Oxford philosophy was rather hostile towards psychology. Philosophers at Cambridge, with their appreciation for science as a whole, had more interest in psychology. At the beginning of the 1890s, Moore and Russell were students at Cambridge, and their teachers were Ward, Stout, and McTaggart. These philosop...
The meaning of a declarative sentence and that of an interrogative sentence differ in their aspect of mood. A semantics of mood has to account for the differences in meaning between these sentences, and it also has to explain that sentences in different moods may have a common core. The meaning of the declarative mood is to be explained not in terms of actual force (contra Dummett), but in terms of potential force. The meaning of the declarative sentence (including its mood) is called the assertion-candidate, which is explained by what one must know in order to be entitled to utter the declarative with assertive force. Both a cognitive notion (knowledge) and a pragmatic notion (assertive force) are thus part of the explanation of the assertion-candidate. Davidson's criticism that such a theory is in need of an account of the distinction between standard and non-standard uses of the declarative is answered: without counter-indications an utterance of a declarative sentence is understood as having assertive force. The meaning of an interrogative sentence, the question-candidate, and that of the other sentence types can ultimately be explained in terms of their specific relations to the assertion-candidate. Martin-Löf's constructive type theory is used to show the philosophical relevance of a semantics of mood. The constructivist notion of proposition needs to be embedded in a theory of the assertion-candidate, which fulfils the offices of being the meaning of the declarative sentence, the content of judgement and assertion and the bearer of epistemic truth.
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