Partiendo de problematizar el concepto de plataforma, en relación con el de industria audiovisual, este artículo ofrece un mapa de aquellas que comercializan en España contenidos audiovisuales OTT, bajo demanda y mediados por abono. El objetivo es elaborar una clasificación y explicar cuál es su perfil empresarial para evidenciar que las ‘plataformas españolas’ manifiestan una clara atomización empresarial mientras que el mercado es dominado por agentes establecidos en el exterior. Los mismos están vinculados a los llamados GAFAM y a corporaciones mundiales de medios y entretenimiento, además de incluir a Netflix, claro está. Se concluye sobre las oportunidades y las amenazas que estas plataformas presentan para la diversidad de/en la industria audiovisual española.
The switch from analogue to digital television is now an established global trend. Switchover motives vary in emphasis from country to country but the common objective is to achieve greater spectrum efficiency by closing down analogue terrestrial transmission. The spectrum saved at this point can be reallocated or auctioned, for a wide range of broadcasting and telecommunications purposes.Switch-off started at regional level with Berlin in 2003 and at national level with the Netherlands in 2006. Finland and Sweden followed in 2007. Firm target dates have been set for the United States (2009), Japan (2011), the United Kingdom (2008-12) and several other western European countries. In the wake of these pioneers, other governments around the world are following, and the 2006 Regional Radiocommunication Conference for Europe, Africa and the Middle East set a date of June 2015 for completing the transition to digital broadcasting.Comparative study of switchover policy and its implementation has tended to stress the differences between countries (
Resumen: La gestión del espectro radioeléctrico que ha ordenado el funcionamiento nacional e internacional de la radio y la televisión a lo largo de todo el siglo XX está en cuestión. No sólo han aparecido nuevos agentes que reclaman una porción de este recurso intangible y finito, sino que nuevos usos tecnológicos están sometiendo a una importante presión a la lógica de explotación tradicional. En este contexto, uno de los grandes interrogantes refiere a los posibles usos que se darán y los beneficios que se obtendrán de las frecuencias que se liberen con el cese de las emisiones analógicas. Así pues, el objetivo es comprender cuáles son las oportunidades y amenazas que el denominado dividendo digital traerá consigo: a partir de analizar las transformaciones que sufre hoy la gestión tradicional del espectro radioeléctrico, y en función del posicionamiento que algunos países están tomando al respecto (específicamente, España y el Reino Unido).Palabras clave: Espectro radioeléctrico; políticas de comunicación; dividendo digital; radio y televisión digital. UniónInternacional de Telecomunicaciones. Abstract:The management of the radio-frequency spectrum that has organized national and international broadcasting throughout the 20th century is under review. Not only there are new actors that demand a portion of this intangible and limited resource, but also a large and growing number of services put additional pressure on the traditional logics that regulate spectrum management. In this context, a key issue refers to the potential uses that will be given, as well as the benefits that will be obtained, from the amount of spectrum that will be freed up in the switchover from analogue to digital broadcasting. Therefore, the objective is to understand which are the opportunities and challenges the so called digital dividend will bring about: analyzing the transformations affecting traditional spectrum management, and considering the positions some countries are already developing (specially Spain and the United Kingdom). Keywords
Findings -The paper finds that with regard the objectives of switch-off, the broad policy aims of clearing spectrum, modernising infrastructure, and improving the services to the consumer are shared across the major countries studied. Uncertainty about the cash value and potential alternative uses of spectrum is natural given rapid technological change, but the common potential broadcasting uses include mobile television, high definition digital terrestrial television, and more digital broadcasters and channels, including regional and local developments.Research limitations/implications -The study is restricted to Europe, Japan and North America.Practical implications -The study has implications for assessment of European switchover strategies and role of Digital Terrestrial. Originality/value -There are some overviews, but none of so up to date, nor with this geographical coverage.
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