Dentro de um programa de controle de qualidade, a avaliação do vigor de sementes é fundamental e necessária para o sucesso da produção. O trabalho teve por objetivo comparar diferentes métodos para avaliação do potencial fisiológico de sementes de pepino. Para tanto, cinco lotes de sementes do híbrido Safira foram submetidos aos seguintes testes: germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, condutividade elétrica (4x50 sementes; 25ºC; 50 e 75mL; 12, 18 e 24h), germinação a baixa temperatura (4x50 sementes; 18ºC; contagens aos quatro e oito dias após a semeadura); envelhecimento acelerado tradicional (41ºC; 48, 72 e 96h) e com solução saturada de NaCl (41ºC; 72 e 96h). Pelos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que os testes de condutividade elétrica (50 e 75mL; 12, 18 e 24h) e de envelhecimento acelerado com o uso de solução salina (41ºC, por 72h), possibilitam a melhor identificação de lotes com diferentes níveis de qualidade fisiológica.
Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) is a tropical crop indigenous to the Americas, probably Amazonia. Annatto is commercially valuable in the food and cosmetics industries as a natural dye used instead of synthetic dyes. In addition, annatto contains other important substances for human health, such as geranylgeraniol, tocotrienols and other carotenoids. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the genetic diversity of 63 accessions from the annatto germplasm bank at the Agronomic Institute (IAC), Sa ˜o Paulo, Brazil, using four phytochemical compounds and 16 microsatellite markers. Significant variation was observed for the phytochemical compounds, ranging from 2 to 7.31 g (100 g dry matter-DM) -1 for bixin, 2.14-7.11 g (100 g DM) -1 for lipids, 0.25-1.05 g (100 g DM) -1 for tocotrienols, and 0.49-2.61 g (100 g DM) -1 for geranylgeraniol content. A total of 73 alleles was observed in the molecular characterization with 16 microsatellite loci. We found higher expected heterozygosity than observed heterozygosity for all loci, indicating strong deficits of heterozygotes. For both molecular and phytochemical compounds, cluster and PCoA
1MARIA TERESA VILELA NOGUEIRA ABDO 2 , RINALDO CÉSAR DE PAULA 3 RESUMO -O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a influência de diferentes temperaturas e da imersão em água na germinação de sementes de capixingui (Croton floribundus Spreng). Inicialmente, as sementes foram submetidas à germinação a 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 20-30 e 25-35ºC, com e sem imersão das mesmas em água fria (temperatura ambiente) por duas horas. Posteriormente, sementes sem imersão prévia em água fria foram submetidas à germinação a 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 20-30, 25-35 e 20-35ºC. Foram avaliadas a porcentagem e a velocidade de germinação das sementes, a matéria seca e o comprimento de plântulas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC) e esquema fatorial 8 x 2 no primeiro experimento e no DIC com seis tratamentos no segundo experimento, com quatro repetições de 25 sementes, seguido da comparação de médias (Tukey a 5%). Não houve germinação a 15, 20 e 40ºC e esta foi mínima a 25ºC. As temperaturas alternadas de 20-30 e de 25-35ºC favoreceram o processo germinativo. A imersão das sementes em água fria não favoreceu a taxa de germinação. No segundo experimento, a maior germinação ocorreu a 20-30ºC. Assim, pode-se recomendar a temperatura de 20-30ºC para a condução do teste de germinação de sementes de capixingui, o qual pode ser encerrado aos 28 dias.Termos para indexação: semente florestal, dormência, análise de sementes, viabilidade. SEED GERMINATION OF Croton floribundus -Spreng -EUPHORBIACEAE AFFECTED BY TEMPERATUREABSTRACT -The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of different temperatures, constant and alternating, on the germination of Croton floribundus-Spreng (Euphorbiaceae) seeds and also the efficiency of a previous soaking treatment in cold water (room temperature). In the first test, the seeds were submitted to the standard germination test at the following temperatures 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 20-30 and 25-35ºC, with and without previous soaking treatment. In the second test, the seeds were submitted to germination at temperatures of 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 20-30, 25-35 and 20-35ºC. The characteristics evaluated were the percentage and speed of germination and seedling mass and length, with four replications of 25 seeds. A completely randomized design was used with 8x2 treatments in the first essay and six treatments in the second. The averages were compared by the Tukey test (P<0.05). In the first experiment, germination was not observed at 15, 20 and 40 o C; at 25ºC the germination was minimum; high germination was observed at the alternating temperatures. Soaking in cold water did not improve the germination. In the second experiment, the highest germination rate was observed at 20-30ºC. Thus, the standard germination test can be conducted at 20-30ºC for 28 days.
The occurrence of pioneer tree species inside tropical forests is usually associated with canopy openness due to disturbances. The distribution of these species under different environmental conditions, aside from light presence, can be influenced by other variables such as soil attributes, water availability, and non-arborous species presence. This work evaluates pioneer tree distribution in the Pindorama Biological Reserve, Brazil, with respect to altitude, soil attributes, and non-arborous species in 65,400-m 2 plots in two toposequences of semi-deciduous forest. We evaluated the physical and chemical soil attributes altitude, basal area, height, and number of individuals of tree species with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥5 cm in a randomly chosen quadrant in each plot. Pioneer trees were characterized by the following higher occurrence species: Acacia polyphylla, Aloysia virgata, Casearia sylvestris, and Croton floribundus. Cluster analysis suggested five similar groups among sampling plots. For each group, the mean of altitude, physical and chemical soil attributes, and degree of non-arborous species infestation was calculated. Principal components analysis correlated variables with pioneer tree data. C. floribundus occurred at low altitudes at lower or higher fertility, C. sylvestris occurred in lower fertility plots, and A. polyphylla and A. virgata occurred in higher altitude plots.
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