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compared with E macusaniensis. The villi in E ivitaensisinfected areas were necrotic, with the lamina propria severely infiltrated by mononuclear cells and neutrophils. There was increased mitosis of epithelial cells.E macusaniensis and E ivitaensis macrogamonts were located in the cytoplasm, between the nucleus and the basal membrane of epithelial cells of the caecal and colonic crypts. They were ovoid in shape and located within a parasitophorous vacuole bounded by one membrane. The immature macrogamonts were morphologically indistinct for both Eimeria species, with 4 to 5 µm thick capsules, abundant cytoplasm, large, basophilic nuclei and average sizes of 30·9 x 28·6 µm, with a range (sd) of 16·5 to 38 (5·28) x 15 to 40 (5·25) µm in 10 specimens. The morphology of the developing macrogamonts of E macusaniensis and E ivitaensis changed according to their degree of maturation and the observation of many inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm that differed in size and number (Figs 2a, b). Mature macrogamonts of E ivitaensis (Fig 2c) had 12 to 22 lightly basophilic inclusion bodies, which were ovoid and had a diameter of approximately 2 to 3·5 µm. Mature macrogamonts of E macusaniensis (Fig 2d) had six to seven eosinophilic inclusion bodies, which were ovoid and approximately 13 to 18 µm in diameter.The microgamonts of both coccidian species were morphologically similar. They were localised mainly in the base and neck of the crypts of Lieberkühn. Immature oocysts of E macusaniensis were localised mainly in the top of the crypts and in some cases in the bottom (Fig 1), with piriform shapes and sizes similar to those described by Guerrero (1967). Immature oocysts of E ivitaensis were also localised mainly in the top of the crypts, but had ellipsoidal forms, 3 to 5 µm thick capsules with three membranes, and an average size of 56·9 x 45·6 µm (range [sd] 45 to 75 [9·89] x 39 to 55 [5·5] µm) in 10 specimens.Coccidiosis in alpacas is subclinical, or appears as soft to bloody diarrhoea and acute death (Rojas 1990, Ameghino andDeMartini 1991). Co-infection with multiple species of Eimeria is common in alpacas, with E macusaniensis and E lamae considered to be the most pathogenic (Guerrero and others 1970). Although E ivitaensis has only relatively recently been described (Leguia and Casas 1998), evidence for E macusaniensis and E ivitaensis co-infection was found in the guts of mummified llamas from a 2700-year-old culture called Chiribaya in Peru, suggesting the simultaneous presence of these two species in the past (Martinson and others 2003). Veterinary Record (2006) 158, 344-345 FIG 1: Enteritis associated with massive infiltration of macrogamonts and immature oocysts of Eimeria macusaniensis and Eimeria ivitaensis in the crypts of Lieberkühn. Haematoxylin and eosin. x 100. Inset: Higher magnification showing E macusaniensis (arrow) and E ivitaensis (arrowhead). Haematoxylin and eosin. x 200 Eimeria macusaniensis and Eimeria ivitaensis co-infection in fatal cases of diarrhoea in young alpacas (Lama pacos) in PeruPARASITI...

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EITB antibody banding patterns correlate with brain imaging findings and complement imaging information for the diagnosis of NCC and for staging NCC patients.

We found high prevalence rates of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among retreatment patients (71.1%) and persons with new cases (8.0%) in Angola. These findings are of concern but should be interpreted with caution. A national drug-resistance survey is urgently needed to determine the actual prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Angola.

CysC changes are differentially present in the parkinsonian and cerebellar forms of MSA and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of this neurodegenerative condition.

Fifty-five isolates of Rosellinia necatrix, the cause of common avocado white root rot disease, were collected from south-east Spain and characterised according to their virulence behaviour and their molecular patterns to assess broader levels of genetic diversity. Virulence properties were revealed by in vitro inoculation on avocado plants. Differences in reaction types showed variability among these isolates. No sequence differences were observed when the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) and ITS2 regions and DNA fragments of the β-tubulin, adenosine triphosphatase and translation elongation factor 1 genes were explored in representive isolates from five virulence groups. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) amplifications were also performed for each isolate using 19 random primers. Four of these primers revealed polymorphism among isolates and repetitive and discriminative bands were used to build an unweighted pair group with arithmetic mean tree. However, RAPD clustering showed low stability, and no correlation between RAPD and virulence groups was observed, possibly indicating high levels of sexual recombination.

Several studies have been performed to determine specific antigens for the diagnosis of tapeworms. One of these antigens is Tso31, which is used to differentiate Taenia solium and Taenia saginata in human feces. The aim of the present work was the molecular characterization of this protein in different tapeworm specimens collected in Peru, T. omisa (n = 6), T. hydatigena (n = 7), T. taeniaeformis (n = 4), T. pisiformes (n = 1), T. multiceps (n=7) and T. solium (n = 10). Total DNA was extracted from each proglottid using a commercial DNA kit for tissue. A nested-PCR was used to amplify a fragment of the previously described oncosphere-specific protein Tso31 gene. The PCR products were analyzed by 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis and visualized after ethidium bromide staining. All PCR-positive products were sequenced and their sequences were compared. Of all the tapeworms analyzed only T. solium and T. multiceps amplified the Tso31 gene. All sequences were identical for each specie. Our T. solium Tso31 showed 100% of similarity when compared with published GenBank sequences. The difference between T. solium and T. multiceps Tso31 samples was 8.1%. In conclusion, our results show that the tsol31 gene is not exclusive to T. solium.