The aim of the present work was to analyze the associations between basic density and fibre length at breast height (BH) and of the whole tree. This study focused on the need to find a sampling point representative for the whole tree, using 35-year-old Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus plantations established under two different growing conditions in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina.The relationship between whole-tree and BH values was quantified using linear regression analysis. Relationships were obtained for each growing site and wood features.
Densidad básica y blancura en madera de Salix sp.
Aims of study: The short- and long-term effects of weed control and fertilization on growth and wood anatomy of 10-y-old Populus deltoides were investigated. Weed control and fertilization usually leads to an increase the growth rate of trees, and consequently, a possible modification in the quality of produced wood.Area of study: We analyzed trees from an experimental plantation in Buenos Aires, Argentina (34°50’ S Lat; 60°30’ W Long).Methods: 32 trees from three treatments: mechanical weed control (M), chemical and mechanical weed control (CHM) and fertilized plus chemical and mechanical weed control (CHM-F) were analyzed. Basal area, fibre morphology, cell wall area and vessel size were measured in the growth ring 1, 3 and 10.Results: differences on wood anatomy among treatments were mainly observed at the third year (short-term effect). Long-term negative effects were not observed. Fertilized trees had greater proportion and quality of wood closer to pith.Research highlights: fibre and vessel differences seen in CHM and CHM-F compared to controls in year 3 could be interpreted as evidence of maturation in cambial development (thicker, longer and wider fibres and greater vessels). The CHM-F treatment had a greater proportion of wood that showed characteristics of more mature wood.Key words: silvicultural treatment; wood quality; fibre properties; vessels; poplar; cambial maturity.
Weed control and fertilization usually lead to an increase in the growth rate of trees and, consequently, to a possible modification of the quality of the wood and its end products. The effect of weed control and fertilization practices were determined on tree growth parameters, wood density, fiber weight, fiber length, and chemical wood composition, as well as the chemi-mechanical pulp properties, for 8-year-old Populus deltoides `Delta Gold´ grown in Argentina. Four treatments belonging to a randomized complete block design trial were analysed: no weeding after planting (C), mechanical weed control (M), chemimechanical weed control (CHM), and fertilized + chemimechanical weed control (CHM-F). Soda-sulfite chemi-mechanical pulps were produced from said trees. Handsheets were prepared from the pulps, and their physical, mechanical, and optical properties were determined following international standards. Several wood and pulp properties were influenced by the studied silvicultural practices. In the context of this study, silvicultural treatments applied to Populus deltoides 'Delta Gold' (formerly 'Stoneville 66') trees can be applied to increase productivity (volume and fibrous output) without detrimental consequences to wood and pulp properties, except for a slight reduction in brightness.
ResumenSe analizaron posibles relaciones entre algunas características de la madera de sauces (Salix) y se determinó su influencia sobre las propiedades ópticas de la madera.En los dos sauces estudiados, la presencia de manchas en la madera ocasionó disminuciones de blancura, L* y b*, acentuándose a medida que aumenta la superficie deteriorada y un incremento en el contenido de tilosis.La madera más blanca presentó los mayores valores de L*, siendo también más amarilla y menos roja, exceptuando la zona oscurecida en sauce americano y las manchas castañas y azul en sauce híbrido, donde los parámetros a* y b* correlacionaron positivamente.La presencia de deterioro en la madera se relacionó con disminuciones de densidad en ambos clones, exceptuando la mancha castaño oscuro de sauce americano, que provocó aumentos de densidad en las rodajas que la presentan.Las manchas de la madera afectaron su composición química. En sauce americano la madera más oscura presentó más lignina insoluble y total. En el híbrido, los extractivos en agua caliente y en alcohol-benceno se relacionaron con la mancha azulada y con los solubles en NaOH, medida utilizada generalmente como indicadora del grado de deterioro de la madera. Abstract Wood characterization of Salix. 2: Relationships between optical and other wood propertiesThe objective of this study was to establish relationships between some characteristics of the wood of Salix and their possible influence on its optical properties.In both willow clones, the presence of stains caused the decrease of brightness, L*, and b*. This effect was intensified in the more deteriorated areas. Tyloses increased with the presence of such stains.The whiter wood showed the highest values of L *, being more yellow and less red, except for the "dark zone" in the American willow, and the "brown stains" and the "blue stain" in the hybrid willow, in which the parameters a * and b * correlated positively.The presence of defects in the wood was related to the decrease of density in both clones, except for the "dark-brown stain" in the American willow, which caused the increase of disks density when present.The content of insoluble and total lignin correlated negatively with brightness and L* in American willow, and with basic density in the hybrid. In the last clone, the extractives in hot water and alcohol-benzene, correlated with the alkalisoluble substances content (frequently used as a measure of decay degree), and also played an important role in determining the tendency to blue color in the stains of the wood.
ResumenSe caracterizó la madera de dos clones de sauces (Salix) implantados en el Delta del río Paraná, Argentina, según sus propiedades ópticas, composición química, densidad básica, tilosis y estado sanitario, analizando las variaciones en las características anteriores de acuerdo al sitio, clon, edad y altura de muestreo.El sauce americano presentó promedios más altos de celulosa y densidad y menores porcentajes de lignina, extractivos y tilosis. El híbrido 131/27 tuvo la madera más blanca y con menos superficie deteriorada. El sitio más adecuado para ambos clones fue el menos inundable.La blancura, L* y la densidad básica se incrementaron, mientras la superficie con defectos y el porcentaje de tilosis decrecieron en sentido base-ápice dentro de cada individuo. Dicho porcentaje también disminuyó transversalmente de médula a corteza.De los 6 tipos de madera descriptos, los anillos grises y la zona oscura resultaron similares a la madera sana. Las manchas castañas se caracterizaron por su baja blancura y elevada tilosis, si bien la más oscura fue rica en lignina y pobre en celulosa, mientras que la más clara tuvo el más alto porcentaje de solubles en NaOH al 1%. La mancha azul se caracterizó por su elevado tenor de extractivos y escasa blancura.Palabras clave: sauce, propiedades ópticas, densidad, tilosis, composición química, estado sanitario. AbstractWood characterization of Salix. 1. Influence of the site, clone, age and sampling heightThe wood of two Salix clones cultivated in the Delta of Paraná River in Argentina was characterized according to their optical properties, chemical composition, basic density, tyloses content and health condition, analysing variations in terms of site, clone, age and sampling height.American willow showed more cellulose content, higher density and less lignin, extractives and tyloses than the 131/27 hybrid. The wood of the last one had the smallest damaged area in the disks and the highest brightness values. The most appropriate site for both clones was the one less affected by flood.Brightness, L* and basic density increased, whereas deteriorated area decreased from bottom to tip within each tree. The tyloses percentage also decreased, both in vertical and horizontal directions.Six different types of wood were defined. Between them, "grey-coloured rings", result of flood, and "dark zone", may be considered similar to "healthy wood". Three types of stains were responsible for the main changes in the wood analysed. The "brown stains" showed low brightness and high tyloses, but the darkest one showed high lignin and low cellulose contents. The "light-brown stain" had the highest alkali-soluble substances content. The "blue stain" showed low brightness and high extractives content.
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