This paper aims to investigate the similarities and differences in the drivers and challenges of the energy efficiency of listed pre-1919 housing in Italy and the UK. Conservation and sustainability The management of historic properties "is governed by established conservation principles" (Webb, 2017, p.749). The current principles and regulatory system for the protection of listed properties is primarily based on conservation philosophy developed in the mid-nineteenth century, particularly by John Ruskin (1849) and William Morris (1877) (
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