This study examined chronic pain in adults with an intellectual disability (ID), in terms of its prevalence, impact on physical and psychological functioning, and treatments used. Questionnaires were distributed to 2378 primary caregivers (caregivers) of community-dwelling adults with an ID. The questionnaires were used to gather data on demographics, general health, nature of pain, impact of pain, treatment, and health-related decision making. Responses were received from 753 caregivers (31.6% response rate). Caregivers reported that 15.4% of this sample was experiencing chronic pain, for an average of 6.3 years. Significantly more females than males were reported to experience chronic pain, although age, communication ability, and level of ID were not found to be associated with the presence of pain. However, the presence of pain was associated with cerebral palsy, physical disability, and reports of challenging behaviour. A significant proportion of individuals with chronic pain also experienced limitations in several aspects of daily living, and more than 78% of caregivers reported that the service user had become upset or distressed by pain. More than 80% of service users were receiving some form of treatment for their pain, with most seeing a family physician and using analgesics as the primary form of pain treatment. Results indicate that chronic pain is a significant problem for persons with an ID, with a proportion of service users living with daily pain for many years and experiencing limitations in daily functioning, emotional well-being, and quality of life.
bonate solution, and filtration and acidification of the bicarbonate extract gave a yellow precipitate. Recrystallization from ethanol and from methyl ethyl ketone-hexane afforded 1.0 g. of yellow and red crystals of the presumed 2-anthrylglyoxylic acid, m.p. 24Ck 284" dec., which was not purified further.A solution of 0.5 g. of the glyoxylic acid in 0.5 ml. of N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine was heated gently until decarboxylation commenced. The temperature was raised from 150 to 190" over 0.5 hr. until gas evolution ceased. Work-up as above yielded a product which was crystallized from ethanol to give 0.3 g. of yellow flakes, m.p. 208.5-21 1.5 ". Several recrystallizations from abolute ethanol gave impure IVa as pale yellow flakes, m.p. 209-210.5", lit.' m.p. 203-204". Combustion analysis indicated that this sample was contaminated with anthracene.B. McFadyen-Stevens Method. Methyl 2-anthroate, m.p. 193.5-194" (lit. m.p. 128°42 and 192-19304">, was prepared by esterification of the acid in dry methanol with hydrogen chloride. This ester (26 g., 0.11 mole) and 150 ml. of hydrazine hydrate (85%) were refluxed for 36 hr. T o the cooled mixture 600 ml. of water was added. Filtration afforded 20 g.(77 %) of yellow crystals, m.p. 245-248.5" dec. Four recrystallizations from pyridine produced an analytical sample of 2-anthroylhydrazine as long, flat, yellow plates, m.p. 241-244" dec., with subsequent resolidification.
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