Resumen Abstract adicciones vol. 29, nº 4 · 2017 revisión Modelos animales de adicción a las drogas Animal Models of Drug AddictionMaría Pilar García Pardo*,**; Concepción Roger Sánchez*; José Enrique de la Rubia Ortí**; María Asunción Aguilar Calpe*. En los últimos años los modelos han incorporado modificaciones metodológicas para incluir el estudio de los procesos de extinción, reinstauración y reconsolidación o para modelar aspectos concretos de la conducta adictiva como puede ser la motivación para consumir la droga, el consumo compulsivo o la búsqueda de la droga bajo situaciones de castigo. Otros modelos interrelacionan diferentes componentes del refuerzo o modelan la motivación voluntaria por consumir (modelos de "two-bottle choice" o "drinking in the dark").En definitiva, las innovaciones en estos modelos contribuyen al avance en el conocimiento científico de los diferentes factores que llevan a tomar una droga y a desarrollar un consumo compulsivo, ofreciendo una vía para identificar futuros tratamientos para la adicción.Palabras clave: Refuerzo; Adicción; Modelos animales; Drogas de abuso.

Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible neuro-degenerative dementia that causes emotional disorders such as anxiety and depression associated with low well-being and changes of state of mind. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of a music therapy protocol as a tool to improve basic emotions in AD. Methods It is an analytical, experimental and prospective study. 30 Alzheimer patients of a mild level with an average age of 76,28 ± 4,6 years, participated in the study. Participants were randomly assigned either to a Control Group (n=15) or an Intervention Group (n=15) that received music therapy twice a week during three months (24 sessions). Due to some limitations of the work, it is only a pilot study. Results The data showed that no significant differences exist between pre and post values in the control group (that did not receive music therapy) in any basic emotion measure (fear, happiness, anger and sadness). However, in the intervention group (that received music therapy for three months) a significant improvement can be observed in all the emotions comparing pre and post intervention (more happiness and less fear, anger and sadness). Moreover, the result comparing control and intervention group between them in post-session showed that the patients of the intervention groups had a significant improvement in happiness and sadness after the application of music therapy. Conclusions An intervention using music therapy increases the state of happiness and decreases sadness in mild Alzheimer sufferers.

Well-being plays a significant role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and music therapy can bring about an increased perception of well-being in these patients. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between the improvement in the emotional perception and the physiological parameters (immunoglobulin A (IgA) and alpha-amylase). A prospective, mixed analytical and quasi-experimental study was carried out, involving eight music therapy sessions over a two-month period in patients with mild AD. The final sample for this pilot study contained 25 patients from Valencia (Valencia Association of Relatives of Alzheimer's Patients (Spain)) and the experiment was performed between the months of October and November of 2015. The ELISA technique was used to quantify salivary IgA and alpha-amylase before and after the sessions. Mood questionnaires were also used to analyze mood state happiness. Salivary IgA and alpha-amylase were found to be correlated and to increase after music therapy although the differences were not significant. The happiness scores were seen to increase significantly, but showed a non-significant association with IgA production. Therefore, IgA and alpha amylase could be used as possible biomarkers of increases in well-being in AD patients, although more studies are needed to confirm these results.

En el presente trabajo mostramos la técnica del condicionamiento de preferencia de lugar (CPL) como un modelo útil en el estudio de las propiedades motivacionales de las drogas. Se presentan los antecedentes de la técnica y se discuten algunas cuestiones metodológicas que es necesario considerar para diseñar una investigación empleando el modelo de CPL, como los diferentes tipos de aparatos disponibles, las diferentes fases del protocolo y sus posibles variaciones, el tipo de diseño (sesgado vs. no sesgado) o la necesidad de considerar los efectos del tiempo. Posteriormente se discuten algunas cuestiones a tener en cuenta a la hora de interpretar los datos obtenidos, como qué es lo que aprende el animal, la presentación de la variable dependiente, la influencia de la novedad, el aprendizaje dependiente de estado, la inhibición latente, los efectos motores y cognitivos de las drogas o la comparación con los datos provenientes del modelo de la autoadministración de drogas. Se exponen las principales aplicaciones, ventajas y limitaciones de la técnica y se finaliza con algunas propuestas para superar las principales críticas que ha recibido este modelo.