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Background The aim of the study was a retrospective comparison of the differences in maternal-foetal outcomes between women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM and T2DM). Methods A cohort of 135 patients with pregestational diabetes, 73 with T1DM (mean age 29 ± 5 years) and 62 with T2DM (mean age 33 ± 6 years), in intensive insulin treatment throughout pregnancy were evaluated. Clinical and metabolic parameters and the prevalence of maternal and foetal complications were assessed. Results Women with T1DM showed lower pregestational BMI (p < 0.001), pregestational weight (p < 0.001), weight at delivery (p < 0.001), ∆_total_insulin requirement (IR) at the first, second and third trimesters (all p < 0.001) and higher weight gain during pregnancy (p < 0.001), pregestational HbA1c (p = 0.040), HbA1c in the first (p = 0.004), second (p = 0.020) and third (p = 0.010) trimesters compared to T2DM. Women with T1DM had a higher risk of macrosomia (p = 0.005) than T2DM, while women with T2DM showed higher prevalence of abortion (p = 0.037) than T1DM. At multivariate analysis, pregestational BMI and ∆_total_IR of the first trimester were independently associated with abortion in T2DM, while weight gain during pregnancy was independently associated with macrosomia in T1DM. Conclusion Women with T1DM have a higher risk of macrosomia than T2DM due to weight gain throughout pregnancy. By contrast, women with T2DM have a higher risk of spontaneous abortion than T1DM, due to pregestational BMI and ∆_total_IR in the first trimester.

Background Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as glucose intolerance with onset during pregnancy. It is characterized by high risk of adverse outcomes for the mother and the foetus, if not adequately controlled. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of 4000 mg of myoinositol supplementation in women with GDM on maternal-foetal outcomes, compared to controls. Methods A cohort of 330 women with GDM, 150 supplemented with myoinositol and 180 controls were enrolled. Clinical and metabolic parameters and the prevalence of maternal and foetal complications were assessed. Results The same number of women in the two groups started insulin as additional therapy. Women treated with myoinositol more frequently had a long-acting insulin scheme of treatment than those untreated (p<0.001), while women untreated with myoinositol more frequently had a basal-bolus insulin regimen (p<0.001) compared to women on myoinositol. Patients treated with myoinositol had significantly lower fasting plasma glucose (p=0.032), post-prandial dinner glucose (p=0.014), insulin requirement both in the 2nd and in the 3rd trimesters (p=0.001 and p<0.001, respectively), than those not treated with myoinositol. With regard to maternal/foetal outcomes, lower birth weight (p=0.043) and frequency of hypoglycaemic events (p=0.001) were observed in women treated with myoinositol compared to controls. Conclusions Women with GDM treated with myoinositol showed an improved glycaemic control in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy and a lower insulin requirement, when insulin was added to the treatment, compared to controls. In addition, they showed lower preterm birth weight and neonatal hypoglycaemia, compared to women not supplemented with myoinositol.

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