L-carnitine supplementation to diet is useful for reducing TNF-alpha and CRP, and for improving liver function, glucose plasma level, lipid profile, HOMA-IR, and histological manifestations of NASH.

Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) describes patients with chronic liver disease or cirrhosis who have no clinical symptoms of brain dysfunction but perform worse on psychometric tests compared with healthy subjects. The pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy is controversial although ammonia has been found to induce cerebral dysfunction. Increased intestinal ammonia production is due to bacterial urease activity and the production of other toxin methabolities, such as mercaptans, thioles. This study assesses the clinical efficacy of Bifidobacterium longum plus fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) in the treatment of MHE. A total of 60 cirrhotic patients were randomly and equally divided into two groups receiving Bifidobacterium+FOS (17 males, 13 females; mean age, 46+/-11 years) or placebo (16 males, 14 females; mean age, 45+/-12 years), respectively. All patients underwent clinical and laboratory assessment psychometric tests and automated EEG analysis: neurophysiological assessment, liver function assessment, amd neuropsychological assessment. After 90 days of treatment, fasting NH(4) serum levels were significantly decreased (P=0.003), performance on Trail Making Test-A was significantly decreased (P=0.000), performance on Trail Making Test-B was significantly decreased (P=0.000), performance on the symbol digit modalities test was significantly improved (P<0.05), performance on block design was significantly improved (P=0.000), and performance on the MMSE test was significantly improved (P=0.000). We conclude that the improvement in biochemical and neuropsychological tests of the group treated with Bifidobacterium longum+FOS are interesting and merit further, close examination.

Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is characterized by disturbance of mental state and neuromuscular function. To assess the clinical efficacy of acetyl-L: -carnitine (ALC) in the treatment of MHE, we performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study administering ALC in cirrhotic patients with this disease and evaluating their cognitive functions. One hundred and twenty-five cirrhotic patients, of whom 21 were infected by hepatitis B virus, 75 by hepatitis C virus and 29 with cryptogenic cirrhosis, were enrolled in our study. Patients were randomly divided into two groups, and using double-blind administration, group A was treated with ALC and group B with placebo for 90 days. The two groups were similar in demographic characteristics, aetiology of cirrhosis, duration and Child-Pugh grade. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy was diagnosed with the Trail Making Test (TMT), Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) and Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVL) and cognitive function with the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). After 90 days in group A treated with ALC, we observed a significant decrease in prothrombin time (P < 0.001), bilirubin serum levels (P < 0.01), AST (P < 0.001), fasting NH(4) serum levels (P < 0.001), Trail Making Test-A (P < 0.001) and Trail Making Test-B (P < 0.001), and a significant increase in albumin serum levels (P < 0.005), MMSE test (P < 0.001), Symbol Digit Modalities Test (P < 0.001), BDT (P < 0.001), AVL long-term test (P < 0.001) and AVL total test (P < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in EEG in either group of patients treated with ALC or placebo. The benefits of ALC in comparison with placebo are demonstrated in greater reductions in serum ammonia levels, as well as in improvements of neuropsychological functioning.

Our study indicates that oral administration of levocarnitine produces a reduction of total fat mass, increases total muscular mass, and facilitates an increased capacity for physical and cognitive activity by reducing fatigue and improving cognitive functions.

The treatment with Bifidobacterium+FOS is an alternative to the use of lactulose in patients with cirrhosis, for its usefulness in reducing blood ammonia levels and improvement of psychometric tests.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate whether supplementation of acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) to pegylated-interferon-α 2b (Peg-IFN-α 2b) and ribavirin (RBV) improves the health-related quality of life during the treatment for chronic hepatitis C, thereby decreasing the risk of treatment discontinuation. Sixty patients with chronic hepatitis C underwent treatment with Peg-IFN-α 2b + RBV (group A; n = 29) or Peg-IFN-α 2b + RBV + ALC (group B; n = 31) for 12 months. At the end of the study, the comparison between group A and group B showed significant differences in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (-80.9 versus -110.3; P < 0.001), alanine aminotransferase (-111.6 versus -134.7; P < 0.001), Viremia (-3.26 versus -3.82; P < 0.05), mental health (0 versus 11; P < 0.001), physical functioning (-1 versus 8; P < 0.001), role-physical (1 versus 13; P < 0.001), bodily pain (1 versus 12; P < 0.001), general health (3 versus 12; P < 0.001), vitality (3 versus 13; P < 0.001), social functioning (3 versus 10; P < 0.001), physical fatigue (2.1 versus -5.4; P < 0.001), mental fatigue (-0.7 versus -2.7; P < 0.001), and fatigue severity scale (-3.4 versus -12; P < 0.001). ALC supplementation reduced both mental and physical fatigue, improved health-related quality of life, and, therefore, has the potential to increase patient adherence to the combination regimen. This, in turn, may increase the percentage of patients achieving a sustained virological response.