The purpose of the study was to assess the phenotypic and genotypic taxonomic congruence in order to allow species allocation of dairy enterococci. A total of 364 enterococci isolated from ewes'milk and cheese from four Portuguese Registered Designation of Origin areas and 25 type and reference strains of Enterococcus spp. were characterized by a polyphasic taxonomical approach involving 40 physiological and biochemical tests, whole-cell protein profiles, amplification of 16S-23S intergenic spacer regions (ITS-PCR) and subsequent restriction analysis (ARDRA). Ribotyping was also performed with reference strains and a subset of 146 isolates. Numerical hierarchic data analysis showed that single-technique identification levels increase from the physiological and biochemical tests to the protein approach, being lower with ITS/ARDRA and ribotyping. Cross-analysis confirmed a higher unmatching level in all pairwise combinations involving physiological and biochemical data. Whole-cell protein profiles followed by ITS/ARDRA identified 89% of the enterococci. Reliable identification of enterococci from milk and cheese could be obtained by analysis of whole-cell protein profiles. ITS-PCR can be used to confirm E. durans and E. faecium and ARDRA further confirms E. faecalis. Results revealed E. faecalis, E. durans, E. hirae and E. faecium as the prevalent species, although species prevalence showed some degree of variation among the areas.
Cheese produced from raw ewes’ milk andchouriço, a Portuguese dry fermented sausage, are still produced in a traditional way in certain regions of Portugal by relying on colonization by microbial populations associated with the raw materials, equipment, and local environments. For the purpose of describing the product origins and types of these fermented foods, metabolic phenotypes can be used as descriptors of the product as well as to determine the presence of compounds with organoleptic value. The application of artificial neural networks to the metabolic profiles of bacterial isolates was assayed and allowed the separation of products from different regions. This method could then be used for the Registered Designation of Origin certification process of food products. Therefore, besides test panel results for these traditionally produced food products, another tool for validating products for the marketplace is available to the producers. The method can be improved for the detection of counterfeit products.
Durante a última década tem se consolidado o conceito de que diversas doenças apresentadas na vida adulta iniciam-se e relacionam-se com condições da gestação, nascimento e infância. A doença vascular cerebral - intimamente ligada à aterosclerose e hipertensão arterial – também parece ter suas origens na infância. Esse estudo revê a literatura em língua inglesa, de 2000 ao presente, relatando as principais evidências que dão suporte a esse conceito, incluindo estudos que investigam o a) papel da posição socioeconômica familiar, b) distribuição demográfica, c) índice de massa corpórea, d) peso ao nascer e e) inteligência, f) fatores de risco tradicionais mensurados na infância sobre a elasticidade da carótida e g) as tendências seculares na ocorrência desses eventos.
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