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Phytoplankton cell lysis is perceived to be an important loss process in the sea, although a quantification of this process has proved elusive. A recently developed method, based on the measurement of dissolved esterase activity (EA), was used to estimate the release of esterases following phytoplankton cell lysis in an effort to evaluate the importance of this process as a loss factor in the summer phytoplankton of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Implicit in this method was the assumption that only the lysis of phytoplankton cells caused these enzymes to be released to the medium. This assumption was tested by analyzing the presence and release of esterases by marine bacteria, heterotrophic flagellates, and heterotrophic ciliates, all isolated from the Blanes Bay (northwestern Mediterranean, Spain), and by phytoplankton grown in culture (Synechococcus elongatus, DunaZieZZa sp., ChZoreZZu sp., Phaeoductyllum tricornutum, and Chaetoceros decipiens). The dissolved EA found during the growth, stationary, and decay phases of microheterotrophs (bacteria, flagellate, and ciliate) was negligible when compared to that found for phytoplanktonic cultures. Differences in cell volume explained the differences in cell EA among the organisms, but heterotrophs showed lower cell EA (lo-50-fold) than phytoplanktonic cells of similar cell size. These results support the assumption that microheterotrophs do not contribute significant amounts of EA to the dissolved pool, allowing the use of the method to estimate phytoplankton lysis. Independent estimates of cell loss in phytoplankton cultures, derived from cell cycle analysis, confirmed the estimates of cell lysis obtained from the measurement of dissolved EA.During the study conducted in the Mediterranean Sea, the water column was strongly stratified, showing a deep (40-55 m) chlorophyll a (Chl a) maximum (DCM; 1.25 ? 0.09 pg liter-') and low surface Chl a concentrations (0.09 + 0.008 pug liter-'). Phytoplankton lysis rates ranged between 0.026 d-' and 1.9 d-l, and they declined significantly with depth; the fastest rates were found in surface waters and the slowest ones at the DCM. Despite the fast gross growth rates of surface phytoplankton (as calculated from phytoplankton biovolume and oxygen production), the calculated lysis rates represented a considerable proportion of gross phytoplankton growth rate (50%) at the surface, whereas they were comparatively less important at the DCM (7%). These results provide strong evidence that phytoplankton lysis can bc an important loss factor in the surface waters of this stratified, oligotrophic sea. Phytoplankton lysis could provide the loss factor needed to explain the low phytoplankton biomass despite fast growth and low grazing rates in the northwestern Mediterranean surface waters. The high lysis rate of phytoplankton in surface waters represents an important path by which primary production may fuel the growth of microheterophic organisms, consistent with the high respiration rate of the surface community examined. The conclusi...

We analyse the effects of coastal defence structures, mainly low crested (LCS), on the surrounding intertidal and subtidal infaunal assemblages and mobile fauna. The results summarise joint studies within the DELOS project in Spain (Mediterranean Sea), Italy (Adriatic Sea) and UK (English Channel and Atlantic Ocean). We demonstrate that univariate analysis did not generally identify LCS impacts, but multivariate analyses did, this being a general trend across all locations and countries. Changes in sediment and infauna seem to be inevitable and usually tend to induce negative changes, particularly on the landward side and in the presence of additional structures or after beach nourishment. The consequences of LCS construction always depend on the response of the assemblages inhabiting a given region. However, to assess the ecological importance of the induced changes and to provide additional monitoring criteria, likely indicator species should be taken into account. The presence of species either coming from the new hard bottoms or associated to physical disturbances is viewed as a negative impact, while the potential nursery role of LCS is a positive one. The combined use of monitoring and forecast models allows to identify these impacts and may play a relevant role in mitigation protocols. Finally, our work supports the feasibility of introducing design criteria tending to facilitate a positive evolution of the assemblages surrounding the structures once the changes due to the presence of the LCS are completed and the new situation tends to become more stable

No abstract

Allelic deletions, which are suggestive for the presence of tumor suppressor genes, represent a common event in endometrial cancer (EC). Previous loss-of-heterozygosity studies for human chromosome 10q identified a candidate deletion interval at 10q25-q26, which we further narrowed to a 160-kb region at 10q26, bounded by markers D10S1236 and WIAF3299. Using a positional candidate approach, we identified three alternative transcripts of a novel human gene, CASC2 (cancer susceptibility candidate 2; formely C10orf5). One of such transcripts, CASC2a, encodes a short protein of 102 amino acids with no similarity to any other known gene product. Three (7%) CASC2a mutations were identified in tumor DNA from 44 EC patients. While c.-156G>T and c.22C>T (p.Pro8Ser) are sequence variants with unknown functional significance, c.84delA is a mutation with a truncation effect on the predicted protein (p. Asn28fsX50). Expression studies by real-time RT-PCR on several normal and tumor cells revealed that CASC2a mRNA is downregulated in cancer, suggesting that it may act as a potential tumor suppressor gene. The very low mutation rate seems to also indicate that inactivation of CASC2a might probably be due to mechanisms different from genetic alterations.

utation analysis of either blood DNA from a large collection of MM patients or matched MM tissues from a subset of such patients revealed that BRAF is somatically mutated and does not play a major role in melanoma susceptibility. The present study further suggests that patient origin may account for different mutation rates in candidate genes.

No abstract

The seasonal variation in the respiration and net community metabolism of microplanktonic communities was examined in the Bay of Blanes, a n exposed NW Mediterranean bay (NE Spanish coast) which receives intermittent inputs from a torrential river, based on estimates of respiration rates of microplanktonic communities obtained over 2 yr (March 1992 to March 1994. Community respiration rates (mean + SE = 5.232 + 0.9 pm01 O2 dm-Q-') ranged over 2 orders of magnitude, showing a distinct seasonal pattern, with the highest respiration rates in summer and late winter. Differences in respiration rate were independent of ambient temperature but were closely related (r = 0.81) to the biomass of heterotrophic microplankton, which was dominated by bacteria and heterotrophic ciliates. The microplankton community in the Bay of Blanes tended to be net heterotrophic on the annual time scale, with demands exceeding autochthonous production. Net daily autotrophic metabolism was only observed during per~ods of very low respiration rates, and heterotrophic organisms played a dominant role in the metabolism of the NW Mediterranean littoral community studied, as evidenced by a strong correlation between net community metabolism and respiration rates. There was substantial interannual variation in metabolic rates between years, with average respiration rates in the first year twice as high as those in the second year (6.816 + 1.728 and 3.672 t 0.374 pm01 O2 dm-3 d.', respectively).This resulted in a more heterotrophic net daily community metabolism during the first than during the second year (-1.258 + 0.94 and 0.978 * 0.344 pm01 O2 dm-= d-', respectively). The net heterotrophic nature of the microplanktonic community in the Bay of Blanes indicates that carbon demands should be partially satisfied from inputs from land, consistent with the much higher rainfall in the first, compared to the second, year. Variability in rainfall and the associated differences in carbon inputs from land are, therefore, major sources of interannual differences in the microplanktonic metabolism of the NW Mediterranean littoral.