Abstract-The anticipated explosion in the total data traffic load will impose to mobile network operators (MNOs) the necessity to densify their networks to provide coverage. At the same time, since MNOs plan their networks according to their high-peak traffic load, base station underutilization during the low traffic hours raises the issue of unnecessary power consumption and excessive cost. In the present paper, we plan to study the energy and cost efficiency of a heterogeneous network (HetNet) that is a cooperation result of many MNOs. Each MNO is owner of a HetNet, composed of eNodeBs (eNBs) and small cells (SCs) and they cooperate by sharing their infrastructure and by switching off a part of it. BS type and traffic load constitute switching off criteria and a roaming cost based user association scheme is used to roam traffic to neighbouring BSs. We assess the cost alterations created by the possible MNO coalitions and we propose a bankruptcy game to allocate the obtained cost to the cooperative MNOs and to motivate thus them to maintain their sharing agreement instead of following a non-cooperative tactic. The bankruptcy game uses Shapley Value to portray each MNO's contribution to cost savings. The MNOs' satisfaction from their payoffs (i.e., the allocated cost) and the overall fairness of the method are evaluated. According to the extracted results, the proposed switching off scheme achieves significant improvement of energy efficiency for the studied network, while the proposed bankruptcy game achieves a balanced and satisfactory cost allocation for different MNO traffic loads.
The dense deployment of high and low power nodes, i.e., eNodeBs (eNBs) and small cells (SCs), respectively, is expected to be the core element of fifth generation (5G) networks. Given the massive SC deployment, the aggregate power consumption attributed to SCs in the coverage area of a macrocell becomes considerable, thus raising issues for the network energy efficiency. However, the coexistence of multiple mobile network operators (MNOs) in the same geographic area fosters cooperation agreements that suggest further energy and cost saving. In this paper, with a view to address the aforementioned issues, we attempt to study the energy efficiency aspects in the case of next generation outdoor Long Term Evolution (LTE) heterogeneous networks (HetNets) owned by rival MNOs. More specifically, we propose a cooperative switching off scheme for low-traffic hours that applies to both eNBs and SCs and exploits roamingbased infrastructure sharing to guarantee the provided quality of service (QoS). To gain insights, we study the energy consumption impact compared to existing switching off schemes. It is shown that the proposed scheme achieves notable energy saving, without compromising the QoS to the network users.
With a view to the expected increased data traffic volume and energy consumption of the fifth generation networks, the use of renewable energy (RE) sources and infrastructure sharing have been embraced as energy and cost saving technologies. Aiming at reducing cost and grid energy consumption, in the present paper, we study RE exchange (REE) possibilities in latetrend network deployments of energy harvesting (EH) macrocell and small cell base stations (EH-MBSs, EH-SBSs) that use an EH system (EHS), an energy storage system (ESS) and the smart grid (SG) as energy procurement sources. On this basis, we study a two-tier network composed of EH-MBSs that are passively shared among a set of mobile network operators (MNOs), and EH-SBSs that are provided to MNOs by an infrastructure provider (InP). Taking into consideration the infrastructure location and the variety of stakeholders involved in the network deployment, we propose as REE approaches (i) a cooperative RE sharing, based on bankruptcy theory, for the shared EH-MBSs and (ii) a noncooperative, aggregator-assisted RE trading, which uses double auctions to describe the REE acts among the InP provided EH-SBSs managed by different MNOs, after an initial internal REE among the ones managed by a single MNO. Our results display that our proposals outperform baseline approaches, providing considerable reduction in SG energy utilization and costs, with satisfaction of the participant parties.
Abstract-The present paper studies fair sharing possibilities of stored renewable energy (RE) in densely populated areas among multiple mobile network operators (MNOs). The main objective is to enable MNOs, who already share their infrastructure in terms of a green network operation, to further reduce their power consumption by fairly sharing (i) the solar power harvested during daylight and (ii) the harvested energy that is stored in storage devices, e.g. batteries, during night hours. To this end, a bankruptcy game is designed so as to capture the energy sharing interactions among MNOs. Taking into consideration the energy deficits of each MNO for a studied period of time, Shapley Value (SV) is employed to fairly determine the amounts of energy to be allocated to each MNO. Focusing on night hours, it is shown that the proposed scheme provides all cooperative MNOs with long store-energy-based network operation during night in comparison to baseline schemes. Moreover, we display that the proposed scheme outperforms its counterparts in terms of needed grid support and allocation fairness among the cooperative MNOs for different MNO traffic patterns and volumes.
The economical recession of the recent years has affected the economies of European countries and the welfare of their population and markets. In this paper, we focus on the northern and southern European population "at-risk-ofpoverty" and study the impact of economical instability of the 2008-2015 period on their behaviour as consumers towards the offered Internet services basket. Intrigued by the contrasting profile of economies of the northern and southern countries, we have selected three representatives of each party (Germany, the Netherlands and Finland for North Europe and Spain, Portugal and Greece for South Europe) to provide a comparison analysis of the Internet services market for the poor during the economical crisis years. In order to obtain further insights, we also proceed to a comparison with the average consumer behaviour of poor population in Europe. Our findings suggest that Internet services can be either a basic need or luxury and that their demand is on the rise despite possible income reduction during crisis.
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