In this paper, the bound-state solution of the modified radial Schrödinger equation is obtained for the Manning–Rosen plus Hulthén potential by using new developed scheme to overcome the centrifugal part. The energy eigenvalues and corresponding radial wave functions are defined for any [Formula: see text] angular momentum case via the Nikiforov–Uvarov (NU) and supersymmetric quantum mechanics (SUSY QM) methods. Thanks to both methods, equivalent expressions are obtained for the energy eigenvalues, and the expression of radial wave functions transformations to each other is presented. The energy levels and the corresponding normalized eigenfunctions are represented in terms of the Jacobi polynomials for arbitrary [Formula: see text] states. A closed form of the normalization constant of the wave functions is also found. It is shown that, the energy eigenvalues and eigenfunctions are sensitive to [Formula: see text] radial and [Formula: see text] orbital quantum numbers.
The propagator of a gauge boson, like the massless photon or the massive vector bosons W± and Z of the electroweak theory, can be derived in two different ways, namely via Green’s functions (semi-classical approach) or via the vacuum expectation value of the time-ordered product of the field operators (field theoretical approach). Comparing the semi-classical with the field theoretical approach, the central tensorial object can be defined as the gauge boson projector, directly related to the completeness relation for the complete set of polarisation four-vectors. In this paper we explain the relation for this projector to different cases of the Rξ gauge and explain why the unitary gauge is the default gauge for massive gauge bosons.
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