Objective:To determine a reference range of renal artery measurements by using Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) angiography and to find association of renal artery measurements with side of artery, gender and age.Method:Two hundred and fifty study participants without renal artery disease who werepresented to Radiology Department, Ziauddin Hospital, Karachi, from November, 2016 to April, 2017 were included in this study. Main renal artery measurements were taken on Multidetector computed angiography and variation with side, gender and age were analyzed. Statistical analysis was done on Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Independent sample T test, one way ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation analysis were applied. P-value of < 0.05 was considered significant.Results:A significance difference (p=0.001) was seen between mean right renal artery (diameter 6.66 ± 0.39 mm; length 44.69 ± 2.48 mm) and left renal artery (diameter 6.79 ± 0.36; length 35.10 ± 2.86 mm). Females found to have smaller mean diameter and length of renal arteries than males. However, a weak negative correlation was seen between mean renal artery diameter and age (right r= -0.158, p=0.0121; left r= -0.017, p= 0.708).Conclusion:The mean diameter and mean length were found to be significantly different between right and left main renal artery and between males and females. A significant weak negative correlation was observed between renal artery diameter and age.

Objective: To correlate Uroflowmetry with Prostate volume and International Prostatic Symptom Score in BPH patients and healthy adults in a subset of Karachi Population. Study Design and Setting: This is a crossectional study carried out at Ziauddin Hospital, Karachi over a period of 6 months. Methodology: In this study 100 Samples were taken through non probability convenience sampling. Inclusion criteria includes 40years and above. Sample initially was taken on the basis of International Prostatic Symptom Score i.e., less than 8 and greater than 8 score. Ultrasonography was performed. 65 Individuals with International Prostatic Symptom Score > 8 and Prostate volume <25 and individuals having symptom index < 8 and Prostate volume > 25ml went for Uroflowmetry. Mean and standard deviation was taken out for quantitative variables. Univariate analysis and Multiple Linear Regression applied to assess relationship between Uroflowmetry with Prostate volume and International Prostatic Symptom Score. Result: Mean age of patients was found to be 58±6 years. Mean International Prostatic Symptom Score was 11±4. Mean Prostate Volume was 28ml±5, mean Qmax was 14ml/s ±4. The correlation between Qmax and International Prostatic symptom score was found to be negative (-0.78) and statistically significant. No correlation was found between Prostate volume and Qmax. Conclusion: Qmax and International Prostatic Symptom Score are reliable tool for assessing Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia patients concluding that as Symptom Score increases Qmax decreases. Qmax showed no correlation with Prostate volume. Prostate volume assessed on Ultrasonography is not an authentic parameter for diagnosing BPH patients

Objective: Keros classification based assessment of olfactory fossa depth in different age groups of both genders using computerized tomography (CT) Methodology: Cross sectional study done at Ziauddin university, Clifton, Karachi. Sample size was 270 adults including 160 males & 110 females. The assessment of depth of Olfactory fossa was carried out by measuring the height of lateral lamella of cribriform plate on CT images. Result: Olfactory fossa of 270 patients from both sides of both genders were classified according to Keros classification. We found Type II to be the most frequent on both sides in both genders. No significant difference in olfactory fossa depth was found when compared in different age groups. Conclusion: The present study shows that vast majority of the population comes under Keros type II & type III thus emphasizing the need of pre-operative radiological assessment. Association of right & left olfactory fossa depth in different age groups was found to be insignificant.

Objective: To find out the frequency of protrusion of Internal Carotid artery in sphenoid sinus and dehiscence of carotid canal in a subset of Karachi population.  Study design: This was a Cross-sectional study conducted at Radiology department of Ziauddin university.  Methodology:  We analyzed 270 head and neck CT scans 270 Head and neck CT scans (540 sides) were analyzed. CT was performed on a 16 slice Toshiba Alexion at Ziauddin Hospital, Karachi —removed for blind review---. SPSS version 20 was used for data analysis.  Results: Out of 270 CT scans analyzed, 28 (10.3) scans showed protrusion of ICA in sphenoid sinus. Out of 45 (16.6) of the subjects showed dehiscence of carotid canal. Out of total dehiscence present unilateral cases were more frequent as compared to bilateral. Unilateral protrusion was also more common as compared to bilateral protrusion of ICA.  Conclusion: Knowledge of dehiscence and protrusion related to ICA and sphenoid sinus anatomy is essential to avoid complications in endoscopic sinus surgery.

Objectives: To determine renal artery variation in adults in a subset of Karachi population by using Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) angiography. Study Design: A cross sectional study. Setting: Dr. Ziauddin Hospital, Radiology Department, Karachi. Period: From January, 2017 to June, 2017. Material & Methods: Study participants were 250 individuals, who were presented to Dr. Ziauddin hospital, Karachi, Distribution, number and morphology of renal artery variation were reported on Multidetector computed angiography (MDCTA). Renal artery variation with side of the kidney and gender were analyzed. Data was analyzed on SPSS version 20 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). Frequencies and percentages were calculated for renal artery variations. Results: Following parameters were observed. Out of total 250 study participants single renal artery was present in 73.6 % (184) individuals and accessory renal artery was present in 26.4% (66) individuals. Accessory renal arteries (ARA) were present in 13.8% (35) individuals and 12.6% (31) individuals on respectively on right and left sides. Among accessory renal arteries superior polar arteries were present in 14.9% (37) kidneys, hilar arteries in 10.2 % (26) kidneys and inferior polar arteries in 1.3 % (3) kidney. Conclusion: A complete knowledge of renal artery variations is essential for surgeons and interventional radiologist especially during procedures such as renal vascular interventions and renal transplant. Frequency of ARA in our studied population is comparable to Asian population.