In Portugal, Gypsies (Ciganos) are categorized as ethnical and minority group, and they are particularly vulnerable to poverty and social exclusion. There is no doubt that they are one of the groups that rise more antipathy among the other Portuguese. In what concerns the "social images" built by the dominant society, there is a negative evaluation of the Gypsies and this image has persisted and resisted so far. Therefore, Gypsy identity and culture are considered marginal. However, the historical discrimination against Gypsies and the existence of a scarce interaction with the non-Gypsy society are some interesting results coming out from a qualitative study finished in 2006 about social representations and emotions that emerged in discriminatory contexts related with the educational system. One of the main objectives of this article is to find how Gypsies represent the school, the formal education, and the social agents that intervene in this educational context, like teachers, other school workers, and other students (non-Gypsies). It is possible to notice some discourses that revealed negative perceptions and rejection feelings incorporated by some Gypsies. They feel that they are treated like "inferior" persons and not recognized by the whole society.
Abstract. Based on a thorough qualitative study and interviews, this study presents a brief portrait of Russian and Ukrainian immigrants settled in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (Portugal), with a particular focus on social representations and emotions that emerged in discriminatory contexts related with the educational system. Besides some initial difficulties and problems experienced by the immigrant's descendents, in general they actually have a successful insertion in the education system.
O cumprimento da escolaridade obrigatória, o sucesso e o controlo do abandono escolar estão longe de ser metas atingidas em Portugal para as crianças e jovens ciganos. Atualmente está mais clara a importância da escolarização, seja do ponto de vista do estado, regulador do acesso de todos ao sistema de ensino público, seja por parte das famílias, que reconhecem a sua importância como recurso essencial para uma cidadania efetiva. Neste artigo, através de uma abordagem etnográfica, são evidenciadas, por um lado, a continuidade de reprodução de desigualdades sociais em relação aos ciganos portugueses e, por outro, os processos de mudança em curso que mostram que, face à escola, os ciganos experienciam desafios, enfrentando mudanças provindas de dentro e de fora da escola.
The coexistence of people and societies marked by ethnic, social, cultural, religious and linguistic diversity is a subject that still generates controversies in contemporary societies. The “Ciganos’ situation” is an unavoidable issue that crosses the boundaries of different European countries, which leads to controversy and ambivalence in the so-called multicultural and/or intercultural societies characterised by the principle of universalism. In Portugal, despite the social and economic transformations that have occurred, the problems of exclusion and poverty among Ciganos persist. They are still considered the poorest ethnic group, with the worst housing conditions, lest schooling and the main target of racism and discrimination. The Portuguese Ciganos are not a homogeneous community. The diversity and plurality are not always easy to grasp by the glare generated by the adoption of interpretive perspectives that are reductively linear and deterministic of the Portuguese Ciganos. For the purpose of outlining a national picture of Portuguese Ciganos, a national study was developed that combines both qualitative and quantitative methodological approaches. The central goal of this article is to present the main results obtained through a questionnaire survey carried out to Ciganos persons and to discuss the social and spatial continuities and differentiations among Ciganos in Portugal.
IntroduçãoNeste artigo, pretende-se refletir sobre a questão: ao se confrontarem com a sociedade dominante, ou seja, com o "Outro 1 majoritário", que representações constroem e que emoções experienciam, em geral, os imigrantes russos e ucranianos residentes na Área Metropolitana de Lisboa 2 ? A escolha do estudo dos imigrantes russos e ucranianos deve-se em grande medida ao fato de estarmos diante de cidadãos estrangeiros não comunitários, com uma experiência recente de imigração em contexto nacional, supostamente mais próximos da sociedade receptora -de forma visual (aspectos de caráter físico) e cultural. Optou-se por estudar, em conjunto, os russos e ucranianos, apesar de serem grupos imigrantes heterogêneos no seu interior e entre si, porém com afinidades e proximidades geográficas, históricas e culturais, já que, até os anos de 1990, faziam parte da ex-União Soviética -eles próprios se autoavaliam como os mais próximos, nomeadamente, entre os quatro grupos imigrantes da "Europa do Leste", com maior número de representantes. Por outro lado, os russos não têm sido muito visados pelas pesquisas levadas a efeito em Portugal, devido possivelmente à sua menor visibilidade e a sua dimensão menos significativa entre outros grupos imigrantes da Europa do Leste. 2. Este artigo tem por base um dos capítulos da minha tese de
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