Identifying the risk factors and taking the necessary precautions are the key points in prevention of laryngospasm. An experienced anesthesiologist is associated with lower incidence of laryngospasm. Airway management is the most essential part of treatment of laryngospasm. Drugs can be used as an adjunct in treatment of laryngospasm, especially when anesthesia is administered by beginners.

To evaluate the effect of intravenous (IV) access in children undergoing bilateral myringotomy with pressure-equalizing tube placement. Design: One hundred healthy children were enrolled in this randomized controlled study. One group received IV access; the other group did not. Anesthesia in both groups was induced through a mask and maintained with oxygen, nitrous oxide, and sevoflurane. Spontaneous ventilation was maintained. All children received fentanyl, 1 µg/kg intramuscularly. Children with IV access received 20 mL/kg of lactated Ringer's solution. Parents were telephoned the day after surgery to report on pain and vomiting, as well as their satisfaction with anesthesia. Setting: Tertiary care children's hospital with all procedures performed by attending pediatric otolaryngologists and otolaryngology residents. Anesthesia was administered by a pediatric anesthesiologist and a trainee.

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Objective To better understand ‘when’ and ‘where’ wideband electrophysiological signals are altered by sedation. Methods We generated animation movies showing electrocorticography (ECoG) amplitudes at eight spectral frequency bands across 1.0 to 116 Hz, every 0.1 second, on three-dimensional surface images of 10 children who underwent epilepsy surgery. We measured the onset, intensity, and variance of each band amplitude change at given nonepileptic regions separately from those at affected regions. We also determined the presence of differential ECoG changes depending on the brain anatomy. Results Within 20 seconds following injection of midazolam, beta (16–31.5 Hz) and sigma (12–15.5 Hz) activities began to be multifocally augmented with increased variance in amplitude at each site. Beta-sigma augmentation was most prominent within the association neocortex. Augmentation of low-delta activity (1.0–1.5 Hz) was relatively modest and confined to the somatosensory-motor region. Conversely, injection of midazolam induced attenuation of theta (4.0–7.5 Hz) and high-gamma (64–116 Hz) activities. Conclusions Our observations support the notion that augmentation beta-sigma and delta activities reflects cortical deactivation or inactivation, whereas theta and high-gamma activities contribute to maintenance of consciousness. The effects of midazolam on the dynamics of cortical oscillations differed across regions. Significance Sedation, at least partially, reflects a multi-local phenomenon at the cortical level rather than global brain alteration homogeneously driven by the common central control structure.