Bladder cancer is one of the most severe and common diseases of genitourinary organs. According to WHO statistics, bladder cancer is the tenth in cancer morbidity structure and the 13th in cancer mortality structure in the world. In Russia, bladder cancer is 11th in cancer morbidity structure and 16th in cancer mortality structure. In most cases, bladder cancer is diagnosed at 6574 years of age. The 5-year survival rate for stage IV bladder cancer is about 15%. Early detection, correct staging, and management of the patient influence the prognosis and further quality of life. This review shows detection and staging methods of bladder cancer, staging categories based on multiparametric magnetic-resonance imaging with the use of Vesical Imaging-Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS). Illustrations and a brief overview of alternative visualization methods of bladder lesions, and new approaches in assessment of digital medical images, radiomics and radiogenomics, are presented. In the future, these methods should help to determine the biological characteristics of the tumor without taking a biopsy.
Purpose. To assess the comparability of coronary calcium values measured on ultralow-dose computed tomography studies without ECG-synchronization versus a) non-contrast computed tomography with ECG synchronization, b) CT coronography with ECG synchronization.Materials and methods. The study comprised 283 studies: 68 patients who underwent contrast-free ultra-LDCT without ECG synchronization and contrast-free CT with ECG synchronization performed in a single visit, and 49 patients with contrast-free ultra-LDCT without ECG synchronization, non-contrast CT with ECG synchronization, and CT coronography with ECG synchronization and intravenous injection of contrast agent, also carried out in one visit, meeting all inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study.Quantitative coronary calcium values were calculated with the Agatston score and the CAC-DRS scale (score of calcification degree from 0 to 3 and the number of affected arteries from 0 to 4 points). The degree of coronary artery stenosis was analyzed with CAD-RADS scale (0-5).The above parameters were compared using visual/quantitative assessment of coronary calcium on ultra-LDCT without ECG synchronization and visual/quantitative assessment for CT with ECG synchronization, as well as the degree of stenosis on CT coronography in the same patients.Results. Based on the results of accuracy indices comparison, the possibility to use quantitative scale (Agatston score, CAC-DRS quantitative scale) to assess coronary calcification in the lung cancer screening in comparison with ECG-synchronized CT was determined during interpretation of ultra-LDCT without ECG synchronization. The correlation matrix to assess correlation between visual, quantitative scales of coronary artery changes and calcification at ultra-LDCT without ECG synchronization and quantitative scale at CT with ECG synchronization vs. CT coronography identifies very strong positive statistically significant correlations.Conclusion. Methods of coronary calcinosis assessment with chest ultra-LDCT and CT with ECG synchronization are comparable, therefore it is possible to assess coronary calcium in lung cancer screening by ultra-LDCT data at a reliable-high level using both quantitative and visual CAC-DRS scales.
Backgraund: the Dutch-Belgium randomised lung cancer screening trial (NELSON) used a volume-based protocol, and was able to significantly reduce the prevalence of false positive results (2.1%). The aim of this study was to compare the performance of manual linear diameter and semi-automated volumetric nodule measurement, in the MLCS ultra-LDCT pilot study. Aims: to compare the performance of nodule diameter and volume measurements in a Russian low-dose CT (LDCT) lung cancer screening program. Materials and methods: all two-hundred and ninety-three individuals with a lung nodule of at least 4 mm on their baseline CT of the Moscow lung cancer screening between February 2017 and February 2018, without verified lung cancer diagnosis until 2020, were included. Radiation dose was selected individually and did not exceed one mSv. All scans were assessed by three blinded readers to measure maximum and minimum transversal nodule diameter and extrapolated volume. As a reference value of size and volume we took the average value obtained from the results of expert measurements. A false-positive nodule was defined as a nodule 6mm/100mm3. A false-negative nodule was defined as a nodule 6mm/100mm3. Results: 293 patients were included (166 men, mean age 64.6 5.3years). 199 lung nodules were 6mm/100mm3 and 94 were 6mm/100mm3. For volumetric measurements; 32 [10.9%; FP 4, FN 28], 29 [9.9%; 17 FP, 12 FN], and 30 nodule [10.2%; 6 FP, 24 FN] discrepancies were reported by reader 1, 2 and 3 respectively. For linear diameter measurements; 92 [65.5%; 107 FP, 85 FN], 146 [49.8%; 58 FP, 88 FN] and 102 nodule [34.8%; 23 FP, 79 FN] discrepancies were reported by reader 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Conclusions: Use of lung nodule volumetry strongly reduces the number of false-positive and false-negative nodules compared to nodule diameter measurements, in an ultra-LDCT lung cancer screening program.
Objective. To systematize data on the appropriateness and effectiveness of LDCT in the diagnosis of lung lesions in COVID-19. Materials and methods. Analysis of relevant national and foreign literature sources in scientific libraries eLIBRARY, PubMed by queries "low dose computed tomography COVID-19", "low dose computed tomography COVID-19" published between 2020 and 2022. Publications were included in the review after assessing the relevance to the review topic by title and abstract analysis. The references were also analyzed to identify articles omitted during the search that might meet the inclusion criteria. Results. Studies published literature summarized the current data on the imaging of COVID-19 lung lesions and the use of CT scans and identified possible options for reducing the effective dose. Conclusion. Ways to reduce radiation exposure during chest CT and preserve high quality of diagnostic images, likely sufficient for reliable detection of COVID-19 signs are presented. Further study of LDCT application from the side of development of a universally applicable protocol with assessment of accuracy, sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of coronavirus pneumonia is required.
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