BackgroundHepatitis C chronic liver disease is a major cause of liver transplant in developed countries. This article reports the first nationwide population-based survey conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of HCV antibodies and associated risk factors in the urban population of Brazil.MethodsThe cross sectional study was conducted in all Brazilian macro-regions from 2005 to 2009, as a stratified multistage cluster sample of 19,503 inhabitants aged between 10 and 69 years, representing individuals living in all 26 State capitals and the Federal District. Hepatitis C antibodies were detected by a third-generation enzyme immunoassay. Seropositive individuals were retested by Polymerase Chain Reaction and genotyped. Adjusted prevalence was estimated by macro-regions. Potential risk factors associated with HCV infection were assessed by calculating the crude and adjusted odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) and p values. Population attributable risk was estimated for multiple factors using a case–control approach.ResultsThe overall weighted prevalence of hepatitis C antibodies was 1.38% (95% CI: 1.12%–1.64%). Prevalence of infection increased in older groups but was similar for both sexes. The multivariate model showed the following to be predictors of HCV infection: age, injected drug use (OR = 6.65), sniffed drug use (OR = 2.59), hospitalization (OR = 1.90), groups socially deprived by the lack of sewage disposal (OR = 2.53), and injection with glass syringe (OR = 1.52, with a borderline p value). The genotypes 1 (subtypes 1a, 1b), 2b and 3a were identified. The estimated population attributable risk for the ensemble of risk factors was 40%. Approximately 1.3 million individuals would be expected to be anti-HCV-positive in the country.ConclusionsThe large estimated absolute numbers of infected individuals reveals the burden of the disease in the near future, giving rise to costs for the health care system and society at large. The known risk factors explain less than 50% of the infected cases, limiting the prevention strategies. Our findings regarding risk behaviors associated with HCV infection showed that there is still room for improving strategies for reducing transmission among drug users and nosocomial infection, as well as a need for specific prevention and control strategies targeting individuals living in poverty.

This multicentric population-based study in Brazil is the first national effort to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B (HBV) and risk factors in the capital cities of the Northeast, Central-West, and Federal Districts (2004-2005). Random multistage cluster sampling was used to select persons 13-69 years of age. Markers for HBV were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The HBV genotypes were determined by sequencing hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Multivariate analyses and simple catalytic model were performed. Overall, 7,881 persons were included; < 70% were not vaccinated. Positivity for HBsAg was less than 1% among non-vaccinated persons and genotypes A, D, and F co-circulated. The incidence of infection increased with age with similar force of infection in all regions. Males and persons having initiated sexual activity were associated with HBV infection in the two settings; healthcare jobs and prior hospitalization were risk factors in the Federal District. Our survey classified these regions as areas with HBV endemicity and highlighted the risk factors differences among the settings.

Neste artigo, faz-se uma análise epidemiológica descritiva da morbidade e da mortalidade por acidentes e violência no Brasil e suas capitais, em anos mais recentes para os quais as informações estão disponíveis. Usam-se dados dos Sistemas de Informações sobre Mortalidade e de Internações Hospitalares, do Ministério da Saúde; da Secretaria Nacional de Segurança, do Ministério da Justiça; e do Departamento Nacional de Trânsito, do Ministério das Cidades. Os dados populacionais de 2002 e 2003 são os disponibilizados pelo Datasus/MS. Destacam-se algumas situações que persistem no Brasil: elevadas taxas de homicídios e de mortes por acidentes de trânsito; concentração dos eventos na população jovem, negra e do sexo masculino; e a complexidade e multideterminação desses fenômenos. Como novo, aponta-se um processo de disseminação de homicídios para outros municípios das regiões metropolitanas e do interior dos Estados, com destaque para a magnitude da morbidade em relação à mortalidade. Porto Velho, Macapá, Vitória, Rio de Janeiro e Cuiabá apresentam os maiores indicadores de violência intencional - elevadas taxas de homicídios e de lesões corporais. Em Palmas ocorrem altas taxas de mortalidade por acidentes de transporte e de vítimas não fatais por 10 mil veículos.

Resumo ObjetivoAnalisar a magnitude e a tendência da mortalidade por grupos específicos de causas externas em crianças e adolescentes residentes no Recife, no período de 1979 a 1995. Métodos

No abstract

Para investigar fatores associados à cárie dentária na dentição decídua, realizou-se estudo de caso-controle aninhado a inquérito de prevalência em 1.690 pré-escolares de 18-36 meses e cinco anos de idade, assistidos pela Estratégia Saúde da Família no Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil, em 2006. Os casos foram crianças com ceo-d > 1 e os controles, com ceo-d = 0. As variáveis independentes foram analisadas em blocos sociodemográfico e ambiental, estrutura familiar, cuidados com a saúde bucal e uso de serviços. Estimou-se OR brutas e IC95%. Variáveis associadas ao desfecho com p < 0,20 em análises univariadas foram incluídas no modelo de regressão logística multivariado, com critério de permanência no modelo final p < 0,10. Maior número de moradores no domicílio, falta de abastecimento de água, tempo de moradia, escolaridade do cuidador, uso de pré-escola pública, procura por serviço de saúde bucal e padrão de consumo de açúcar foram fatores associados. As variáveis relacionadas ao contexto social foram os principais preditores de cárie, apontando para a necessidade de ações integradas de saúde comuns a outros agravos infantis.

A population-based survey to provide information on the prevalence of hepatitis viral infection

In Brazil the challenge of meeting the needs of those living in deprived areas has generated discussions on replacing the existing approach to