Poor sleep quality and sleep disorders are the most common problems in people, affecting health-related quality of life. Various studies show an association between sleep disorders and altered levels of stress hormones and inflammatory cytokines measured in saliva. The main objective of this article is to provide an analysis of the current evidence related to changes in inflammatory markers in the saliva and their associations with sleep quality measurement (both objective and subjective methods) in healthy subjects and in sleep-related disorders. To that end, a scoping review was carried out, following the PRISMA criteria in the bibliographic search in several databases: PubMed, EBSCO, and SCOPUS. Eleven of the articles are from the adult population and two from the child-youth population. They mainly measure the relationship between sleep and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) alpha, as well as other inflammatory markers such as myeloperoxidase (MPO) and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2. An analysis shows the relationship between these salivary biomarkers and sleep quality, especially in the case of IL-6 in both healthy subjects and several pathologies associated with sleep-disorders. The results for TNFα and IL-1β measurements are still inconclusive and the difference with IL-6 was assessed. Two studies reported interventions that result in sleep improvement and are accompanied by the normalization of inflammatory changes detected in the saliva. As it is an easy-to-apply and non-invasive method, the measurement of salivary cytokines can be very useful in chronobiology studies. Further studies are required to determine the sensitivity of salivary inflammatory markers in monitoring biological rhythms and acting as biomarkers in the detection of sleep disorders and sleep interventions.

Background: In recent years, the abusive use of the smartphone has reached a situation that could be considered pathological. In this sense, different instruments to assess this problematic use or addiction to the smartphone are used. One of these instruments is the Smartphone Addition Inventory (SPAI), which has been validated in the Spanish language (SPAI-Spain). The main difficulty of these scales is to establish a cut-off point that determines such mobile addiction. On the other hand, self-perception was used in different addictions as a predictor of the problem. Aim: The objective of this study was to establish the cut-off point in the scores of the SPAI-Spain, using as a reference the self-perception of addiction values. Methods: A receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was carried out, establishing as the cut-off point the one that presented a higher value of Youden J, indicative of its sensitivity and specificity. Results: 2958 participants from the university community completed the SPAI–Spain questionnaire. Differences in SPAI–Spain scores were found among age groups and gender, even though not all of them were statistically significant. When using the self-perception of smartphone addiction as the benchmark value, a score of 44 was established as the cutting point of the SPAI-Spain questionnaire, with a Youden J corresponding to 0.416. Conclusions: The implementation of a cut-off point of the SPAI-Spain questionnaire makes it an instrument that allows early identification of those individuals at risk of addiction, as well as the establishment of preventive and/or intervention measures.

This version of the CSP is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring quality of life in patients with ACM in the Spanish context.

Objective: To analyze the knowledge in palliative care and the attitudes toward caring for the dying of nurses who carry out their professional activity in primary care in Spain. Design: A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was carried out among Spanish primary care centers. Participants: A total of 244 nurses who had completed their primary care work and agreed to participate in this study were included. Main measurements: The level of knowledge in palliative care was analyzed using the PCQN-SV scale, and attitudes toward care of the dying were measured with the FATCOD-S scale, both of which are instruments that are validated in Spain. Results: Regarding the level of knowledge in palliative care, at a global level, the results revealed that 60% of the answers in the PCQN-SV were correct, with different results for each of the three subscales that compose it. When analyzing the attitudes of primary care nurses toward the care of the dying, an average of 132.21 out of 150 was obtained, representing a positive attitude. On the other hand, when analyzing these results in terms of knowledge and attitudes according to the population’s characteristics, we see that participants with both experience and training in palliative care present a better level of knowledge and a higher score regarding their attitudes toward care of the dying. However, the differences are only significant regarding the level of knowledge in palliative care. When analyzing the data from the two scales together, it is noteworthy that the participants with the most positive attitudes (highest scores on the FATCOD-S) also have the highest percentages of correct answers on the PCQN-SV.

Objetivos: la diabetes mellitus tipo 1 es una enfermedad crónica que suele debutar en la infancia y necesitar formación a lo largo para dar respuesta a los cambios producidos en todas las etapas vitales. El objetivo de esta investigación es desarrollar un programa de educación para la salud, siguiendo el modelo Precede-Procede y desde una perspectiva salutogénica atendiendo a las necesidades de la población adolescente y que incluya la gamificación como estrategia educativa. Materiales y métodos: la primera fase es investigación mixta, cuantitativa y cualitativa y combina diferentes instrumentos para la recogida de información. Los participantes son adolescentes con dicho diagnóstico y sus progenitores, residentes en la Comunidad de Madrid, España. En la segunda, se desarrolla un programa educativo que responde a los hallazgos de la etapa anterior y que incorpora la gamificación. Resultados: la población diana disfruta de una buena calidad de vida, tiene un estilo de vida saludable y alta responsabilidad hacia sus cuidados. Sin embargo, los recursos que les hace falta son los relacionados con la esfera emocional. Es por ello por lo que el programa educativo denominado Agente +014 abarca la competencia emocional y cuidados avanzados de la diabetes, todo ello con forma de juego digital. Conclusiones: el modelo Precede-Procede se ha mostrado eficaz para desarrollar esta intervención de educación para la salud. El enfoque salutogénico facilita el análisis de los recursos personales, familiares y comunitarios. La gamificación es una estrategia innovadora en la promoción de la salud.