Nutrient enrichment from tile-drained agricultural lands to the Mississippi River is a leading cause of hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. Small edge-of-field wetlands can effectively treat nitrate-nitrogen (NO 3 -N) export from tiles, although less research exists on their capacity to treat phosphorus (P). Additionally, long-term data are needed to incorporate variability of weather and farming practices into assessments of wetland performance longevity. Research conducted over 12 yr quantified sizeeffectiveness of wetlands to reduce NO 3 -N and dissolved P (orthophosphate [ORP]) loadings from subsurface tile systems. Nitrate-N export was significantly higher during corn (Zea mays L.) than soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production years, during which 80-84% of mean annual loadings were exported during spring. Wetlands representing 3% (W1) of tile-drained farmland area reduced 15-38% of NO 3 -N export, with cumulative reductions of 39-49 and 49-57% observed in wetlands representing 6 (W2) and 9% (W3) areas, respectively. Mass NO 3 -N removal ranged from 28 to 52%. Twelve-year total ORP load reductions for W1 ranged from 53 to 81%, with cumulative reductions of 35-91% and 32-95% for W2 and W3 wetlands, respectively. Mass ORP removal ranged from 71 to 85%. Results emphasize how incorporating constructed wetlands into state and watershed-level conservation planning can significantly contribute toward reducing excess N and P export to river systems and ultimately to the Gulf of Mexico.
A documentação cartorária e eclesiástica produzida entre 1800 e 1850, relativa a Vila Boa, capital da capitania de Goiás, sugere que os viajantes estavam certos ao apontarem para a frequência e naturalidade com que o concubinato acontecia. No entanto, concubinato não pode ser confundido com ausência de valores familiares, pois tais valores, assim como hierarquia e disciplina católica, eram os pilares das sociedades do Antigo Regime. A partir de uma perspectiva relacional, o objetivo deste artigo volta-se à investigação das famílias e ao papel da disciplina católica na compreensão de como aquela sociedade marcada pelo concubinato se organizava a partir de relações familiares e de como a hierarquia as naturalizava.
RESUMO Referente à Vila Boa de Goiás de meados do século XVIII até a terceira década do século XIX, o artigo se baseia na hipótese de que os ataques de índios hostis interferiram decisivamente nas relações e redes de compadrio entre senhores e seus escravos de origem africana. Pautada na ideia de que hierarquia, autogoverno, escravidão e disciplina católica compunham os pilares da monarquia pluricontinental portuguesa na América, cujos ecos ressoaram no início do império do Brasil, conjunturas de instabilidade política e de conflitos geraram uma configuração própria à escravidão em Vila Boa de Goiás. Para realizar o estudo, cruzam-se registros de batismo com documentos político-administrativos.
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