IntroductionThe genus Xanthoparmelia (Vain.) Hale, comprising ca. 800 species of worldwide distribution belongs to the largest family of lichenized fungi -Parmeliaceae [1,2]. The distinguishing features of the genus are: hyphal cell walls' polysaccharides with Xanthoparmelia-type lichenan [3][4][5], small ascospores with an arachiform vacuolar body [6], lack of pseudocyphellae, presence of a pored epicortex, eperforate apothecia, the presence of bifusiform conidia and usually simple rhizines [5]. This genus is further characterized by a considerable variation in cortical chemistry of individual species. Most taxa of this genus occur on the siliceous rocks in dry and well-sunlit places, in periarid, arid, semiarid and Mediterranean climates, mainly in the southern hemisphere [5].Originally the genus Xanthoparmelia included exclusively the species containing atranorin and usnic or isousnic acids in the upper cortex, causing the yellowish tinge of thallus [7,8]. Lichens currently included to Xanthoparmelia pulla group but not containing these substances, with brown thalli and upper cortex stained by HNO 3 to blue-green, were initially grouped in the Neofusca subgenus (within the Parmelia genus) [9], which was then set up as a separate genus Neofuscelia [10]. Molecular studies have shown, however, that the genus Neofuscelia was polyphyletic, with its clades scattered within Xanthoparmelia. Consequently, the species of the genus Neofuscelia have been included in the Xanthoparmelia [11].Xanthoparmelia pulla group includes about 25 taxa dispersed throughout the world, seven of which occur in Europe [12]. Due to the frequent absence of apothecia and the lack of obvious differences in their structure, these taxa are traditionally distinguished on the basis of morphological features of the thallus, such as the color of lower cortex, shape of lobes and the presence or absence of vegetative propagules [12]. However, chemical characteristics play the most important role in the identification of taxa [9,13]. Within the species of the genus Xanthoparmelia, ca. 90 secondary metabolites were identified, mainly phenolic compounds such as depsides, depsidones, antraquinones and monocilic compounds, as well as aliphatic acids [8,14], 15 of which were present within Xanthoparmelia pulla group [13].So far four species of the Xanthoparmelia pulla group were reported from Poland: X. delisei, X. loxodes, X. pulla and X. verruculifera [15]. One of them, X. loxodes, was considered to be common throughout the country, while the X. pulla and X. verruculifera were admitted as more or less rare and endangered [16]. X. delisei in general was not distinguished by Polish lichenologists and its only records from present Polish territory were of historical nature [17]. AbstractThe paper presents the results of studies of Xanthoparmelia pulla group in Poland. The morphological and chemical analysis of herbarium materials confirmed the presence of four species of this group reported from Poland before. The study however, revealed considerable change...
A preliminary red list of threatened lichens of Lower Silesia (SW Poland) is presented. Species have been valuated according to the Red Data Book Categories (IUCN). The list comprises 602 taxa (ca. 60% of the whole lichen flora of Lower Silesia). 52 species are considered as rare (category R), 84 as vulnerable (V), and 63 species as endangered (E). The Silesian lichen flora is characterized by great numbers of taxa with extinct (Ex 140 taxa), and indeterminate (I 263 taxa) categories.
The paper presents models of potential geographical distribution of Xanthoparmelia delisei, X. loxodes, and X. verruculifera in Central Europe. The models were developed with MaxEnt (maximum entropy algorithm) based on 224 collection localities and bioclimatic variables. The applied method enabled to identify the areas where climatic conditions are the most suitable for modeled species outside their known localities. According to obtained model, high potential distribution of the X. delisei and X. loxodes was found in the northern and northeastern Poland, when areas most suitable for X. verruculifera were placed in the south, especially in the Carpathians. Model also suggests that potential distribution of X. delisei could be wider than known data on its occurrence and extend to Lithuania, Belarus and the Czech Republic. MaxEnt modeling of X. loxodes showed the widest potential distribution for this species in Central Europe with the best regions in Lithuania. Potential distribution in all models was strongly influenced by precipitation-related variables. All the modelled species prefer areas where precipitation in the coldest quarter is very low.
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