Adult learners demand teaching innovations that are ever more rapid and attractive. As a response to these demands and the challenges of skills training, this article presents a conceptual analysis that introduces competitive debate as an impact training model. The aim is to learn whether debate can be considered to fall within the frame of gamification, so that the full potential of debate as gamification can be exploited. There is a significant research gap regarding competitive debate as a game, with the training mechanics for adult learners remaining practically unexplored. Through a conceptual analysis of game, game experience, and gamification, and their respective characteristics, we conclude that competitive debate is an ideal instrument for gamification.
Students demand more active and participating teaching innovation methods, and activities such as presentations are not enough to satisfy those demands. In this research, competitive debate is used as inter-team gamification with third year students from a Business School studying the Human Resources Management subject. Out of this experience, qualitative and quantitative data are obtained. Results reinforce the continuation of classroom competitive debate due to the evidence of its motivational, learning, and communication skills improvement, and knowledge acquisition effects. The possibility of application with actual professionals is seriously considered.
The reaction of amide and amidate anions 2 with ptoluenesulfonyl chloride (1) under Merent reaction conditions gives rise to the total or prrrtial reduction of the acyl halide to p-toluenesulfiaic acid (5) and acylatioo compounds in variable amounts depending on the crowding at the anionic center. This indicates that a SingIe-Electron Transfer (SET) mechanism is involved in the reactions of 1 with anions. Unpaired electron species are detected by RTR in the course of the reactions.It is well-established that sulfur-substituted aromatic rings such as aryl sulfones 'I, arenesulfonates 21, or arenesulfonamides 3, are able to accept one electron under thermal or photochemical conditions when allowed to react with anions or other chemical and electrochemical electron sources. By contrast, the behavior of arenesulfonyl chlorides as single-electron acceptors, in spite of their extended use in organic synthesis, has not been investigated so far although they should be expected to accept a single electron from anions as efficiently or even more than the above mentioned sulfurcontaining groups. Arenesulfonyl chlorides are reduced by usual reductors (hydride or sullite anions) with great ease and also by anions such as acetylide, enolate, sulfide, mercaptide, thiosulfate, cyanide, dithionite, arsenite, iodide, and dithi~carbonate~' in reactions that have not been investigated in depth from a mechanistic point of view.For these reasons, we decided to investigate the reactivity of ptoluenesulfonyl chloride (1) with nucleophiles NueM@ (2) such as amide and amidate anions, species that might behave alternatively as two-electron or single-electron donors6'.The reaction of nucleophiles 2 with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride under different reaction conditions gave rise to total or partial reScheme 1 ~-C H~C~H~S O~C I
Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) can have organized regions, in the form of consistent dominant frequency sites, focal or reentrant sites, but it is unclear how these overlap with or differ from focal atrial tachycardias (AT) or potential drivers. We set out to develop an intuitive method based on fundamental electrogram shape and timing to separate types of AF. Objective To test the hypothesis that spatial regions of electrogram (EGM) in AF that show similar shapes over time based on cross-correlation analysis may separate patients with differing response to ablation. Methods We recruited N=133 patients (63.8±12.1 Y, 32% women), (i) N=10 had AT, (ii) N=122 AF that was or was not terminated by ablation, and (iii) N=1 pacing. All patients had left atrial mapping by 64 pole baskets. We applied repetitive activity (REACT) mapping that correlates EGMs in contiguous 2x2 regions (Fig. 1A) over 4sec. To calibrate REACT, we introduced simulated variations in shape (gaussian noise) and timing (gaussian delay) to pacing EGMs and computed nomograph over 100 random trials (Fig. 1C). Results Fig. 1B shows that REACT in a 71-year-old man with AT is more organized than in a 65 YO man with AF (100% vs 40% mapped field). Overall, REACT was higher in AT than AF (0.63±0.15 vs 0.36±0.22, p<0.001). There were 24 cases in which global REACT between AF and AT groups had the overlapping range of values, indicating organized “islands” in AF analogous to AT. From nomograph in Fig. 1C we identified that this overlap reflects 15 ms variation in cycle length and 20% variation in EGM shape (labelled “x” in Fig. 1C). Conclusion Basic electrogram properties in AF of similar shapes in spatial areas over time can separate response to ablation and may represent “islands” of AT. Future studies should investigate the mechanisms for such islands and whether they may be targeted for therapy. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): US National Institutes of Health
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