Las políticas de innovación de los países de América Latina y el Caribe han venido experimentando importantes cambios durante las últimas décadas. Además de haberse dado un giro hacia instrumentos de políticas cada vez más verticales (dirigidos ya sea a un sector o a un reto en particular), las herramientas ligadas a la demanda han venido ganando protagonismo en la combinación de políticas de innovación implementadas en estos países. Entre estos instrumentos, que incluyen el establecimiento de regulación y estándares así como de beneficios tributarios para estimular la demanda privada de innovación, se destaca la compra pública de innovación (CPI). El objetivo de este trabajo es examinar los avances que se han logrado en la implementación de la CPI en Brasil, principalmente en el sector de agua y saneamiento. Las recomendaciones procuran ser útiles para contribuir al desempeño clave de los involucrados en la gestión del sector de agua y saneamiento, tanto en Brasil como en otros países.

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<p>Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo general delimitar las zonas y los sistemas de producción óptimos para la producción de lulo a fin de contribuir a la planificación y organización de su producción en el Eje Cafetero (Departamentos de Caldas, Quindío y Risaralda, Colombia). Los objetivos específicos fueron identificar, espacializar, zonificar, caracterizar y tipificar los sistemas de producción de lulo en la región mencionada. Se tomó como marco muestral una población objeto de 253 productores de lulo, de acuerdo con información oficial suministrada por las Unidades Municipales de Asistencia Técnica –UMATA– de la región. El tamaño de la muestra a utilizar, 34 productores, se determinó por el método conocido como “muestreo aleatorio de proporciones”. La caracterización y tipificación se realizaron utilizando análisis multivariados, como el análisis factorial de correspondencias múltiples y el análisis de agrupamiento jerárquico. Basados en las características comunes de las fincas productoras de lulo, se identificaron cinco clases o sistemas de producción muy ligados a su ubicación geográfica. El concepto de sistema de producción, asumido como un espacio rural a nivel subregional, facilita las acciones necesarias para la formulación colectiva e integral de nuevos modelos de desarrollo agroindustrial. Los resultados del análisis económico demuestran que el sistema de producción de Lulo de Castilla intercalado con café, en la vertiente occidental de Risaralda y Caldas, tiene una tasa interna de retorno anual del 75% y constituye una alternativa rentable de diversificación ante la crisis cafetera.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Mapping, characterization and classification of lulo (S<em>olanum quitoense </em>Lam) production systems at the Colombian Coffee Belt.</strong></p><p>A CORPOICA’s multidisciplinary team, with the financial support of SENA, carried out a study during 2001 aimed at determining the optimum regions and production systems for lulo along the Colombian coffee belt area (Departments of Caldas, Quindío and Risaralda). The specific objectives were to identify, map and characterize the lulo production systems. An initial population of 253 lulo producers was studied from which a sample of 34 producers was selected. Sample size was determined according to the random sampling of proportions method. Multivariate analysis methodologies were used in the characterization and classification such as factorial analysis of multiple correspondences and hierarchical grouping analysis. Based on the common characteristics of the lulo farms studied, 5 classes of production systems were identified, that were closely related to the geographical zone variable. This concept of production system as a rural space at the subregion level facilitates the correction and necessary  actions for the collective construction of new models of agro industrial development. The economical analysis of a lulo and coffee mixed production system showed an internal yearly return rate of 75%, at the West Risaralda and Caldas Basin, and suggest that the lulo production is an profitable alternative of diversification in response to the current coffee crisis.</p>

work is licensed under a Creative Commons IGO 3.0 Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives (CC-IGO BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo/legalcode) and may be reproduced with attribution to the IDB and for any noncommercial purpose. No derivative work is allowed.Any dispute related to the use of the works of the IDB that cannot be settled amicably shall be submitted to arbitration pursuant to the UNCITRAL rules. The use of the IDB's name for any purpose other than for attribution, and the use of IDB's logo shall be subject to a separate written license agreement between the IDB and the user and is not authorized as part of this CC-IGO license.Note that link provided above includes additional terms and conditions of the license.The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Inter-American Development Bank, its Board of Directors, or the countries they represent.http://www.iadb.org 2016 ABSTRACT * Public procurement accounts for a significant proportion of overall demand for goods and services. Thus, it could be a useful tool for fostering innovation and economic growth. While interest in the use of public procurement as industrial policy is not new, its potential to spur demand for innovative products and services, create incentives for business innovation, and accelerate the diffusion of new technologies has received much policy attention in recent years. The aim of this study is to advance knowledge on the role of public procurement as a demand-side policy instrument in stimulating firm innovation in Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries. In LAC countries, public procurement systems account for 20 percent of GDP, which suggests a considerable untapped potential to use public procurement for innovation (PPI) to strengthen their economic position and improve public service provision. The report first reviews the evidence on the implementation and impact of instruments and structures introduced to support PPI in selected developed countries (the United States, the European Union, Estonia, Netherlands, Spain, the United Kingdom, China, and the supranational case of EU procurement policy), identifying useful policy lessons for LAC countries. It then focuses on emerging innovation friendly procurement practices introduced in three selected LAC countries: Brazil, Chile, and Colombia. These countries offer a diverse picture in terms of the institutional path they have followed for the development of public policy for innovation/pre-commercial procurement (PPI-PCP) policies as well as important differences in the level of development of their innovation systems.JEL codes: O25, O38 Keywords: demand side innovation policy, innovation, Latin America and Caribbean countries, public policy, public procurement * The authors wish to thank the experts interviewed in the countries studied, who provided valuable insights on the issues discussed in this report. Without their assistance, this report could not have b...

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