[1] A variety of analytical and numerical models have been developed during the past several decades to predict water and solute transfer processes between the soil surface and the groundwater table. While many models quantifying solute transport in soils usually consider only one solute and severely simplify various chemical interactions, others such as the geochemical module of HYDRUS-1D consider multiple solutes and their mutual interactions. In this study we use HYDRUS-1D to analyze water flow and solute transport in three soil lysimeters (1.2 m 2 Â 1 m) irrigated during the summer months with waters of different quality that were used to evaluate salinization and alkalization hazards. The soil monoliths were constructed in a Eutric Fluvisol in Alentejo, Portugal. The electrical conductivity (EC) of irrigation water varied between 0.4 and 3.2 dS m À1, and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) varied between 1 and 6 (mmol (c) L À1 ) 0.5 , while maintaining a ratio of Ca:Mg equal to 1:2. The soil monoliths were subjected to regular rainfall and leaching during the rest of the year. Water contents and fluxes, concentrations of individual ions (Na + , Ca 2+, and Mg 2+ ), electrical conductivity of the soil solution, SAR, and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) indices were monitored from May 2001 to September 2004 at four depths (10, 30, 50, and 70 cm) in all three soil monoliths. Irrigation water with EC up to 1.6 dS m À1 did not cause salinization or alkalization hazards. The rainfall water leached the salts accumulated during the irrigation period down to a depth of 100 cm. Rainfall, however, did not restore the salinity and sodicity of the soil to its original values below a depth of 60 cm for the lysimeter irrigated with water having an EC equal to 3.2 dS m À1 . HYDRUS-1D successfully described field measurements of the water content (R 2 = 0.60), overall salinity (R 2 = 0.65), and the concentration of individual soluble cations (R 2 ranged between 0.62 and 0.78) as well as the sodium adsorption ratio (R 2 = 0.87) and the exchangeable sodium percentage (R 2 = 0.76).

An archaeological intervention in Valle da Gafaria (Lagos, Portugal) allowed the excavation of a deposit of waste dating from the 15th to 17th centuries. Among discarded objects, an important amount of human skeletal remains was exhumed (N = 158 individuals). The archaeological and historical context, as well as the morphometric analysis of the skulls, led us to attribute them an African origin. While historical sources document the trade of slaves by the Portuguese since the 15th century, so far no slave cemetery was excavated in Portugal. The study of their lives and deaths has been accomplished by historical documents. Therefore, this sample provides a unique opportunity to learn more about captive individuals who were brought to Portugal in the modern period. The present work focuses in the intentional dental modifications presented by several of these individuals. A total of 113 subjects have teeth that can be evaluated for the presence of intentional modifications. Of these, 55.8% individuals present dental modifications on their anterior dentition, 42.9% exhibiting modifications on both upper and lower teeth. The incisors were the most frequently modified teeth, followed by the canines. Both men and women as adults and sub‐adults have dental intentional modifications. In most individuals, dental modifications involved the removal of the mesial and distal angles, which is comparable with sub‐Saharan African practices. However, we cannot infer a more specific origin for these slaves only based on dental modification's type and pattern because several ethnic groups modify teeth in the same way. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Geoarchaeological analysis of the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic record preserved in cave, rock-shelter and open-air sites in the northern sector of the Meso-Cenozoic of the Western Iberian Peninsula margin (Portugal) reveals several disconformities (erosive unconformities), hiatuses and surface stabilization phases. A recurrent disconformity, dated to ca. 29,500–32,000 cal yr BP, in the time range of Heinrich event 3, must correspond to a main erosive event related to the impacts of climate change on the landscape, including a reduction in vegetation cover and altered precipitation patterns, with the consequent accelerated down-cutting by stream systems, slope reactivation and endokarstic reorganisation, causing the erosion of sediments and soils accumulated in cave, rock-shelter and open-air sites. These processes create a preservation bias that may explain why Early Upper Palaeolithic finds in primary deposition context remains exceptional in the carbonate areas of central-western Portugal, and possibly elsewhere in the other places of Iberia. The impact of such site formation processes must therefore be duly considered in interpretations of the current patchy and scarce archaeological record of the Middle-Upper Palaeolithic transition in south-western Iberia.

Objective: The involvement of people with psychiatric disabilities in research and service evaluation has traditionally been rare, especially in the construction of outcome measures. This study documents a collaborative process with consumers from 2 Portuguese community mental health services in the construction of the Capabilities Questionnaire for the Community Mental Health context (CQ-CMH). The measure is inspired by Nussbaum's capabilities approach and aims to measure consumers' capabilities when supported by the community mental health services. Method: Focus groups with 50 consumers from 2 programs generated data about their gains from and goals for participation in the programs. A Steering Committee-comprising 3 consumers and 2 researchers-analyzed the data, generated a list of items, sorted them according to Nussbaum's list of capabilities, and developed a rating scale. To check face validity, the questionnaire was tested with 15 consumers. Results: The collaborative process led to the transformation of traditional research roles, the promotion of empowerment to participants, the ecological validity of the results, and a cultural adaptation of Nussbaum's list to the context of the study. The resulting CQ-CMH is composed of 104 items organized by 10 capabilities, and 1 open-ended question about service improvements. Conclusions and Implications for Practice: The capabilities approach and the collaborative process undertaken both support the exercise of choice and control by people with psychiatric disabilities. The capabilities measure-constructed by consumersmay be used as an outcome measure in service evaluation. The questionnaire will undergo further testing of its validity and psychometric qualities.