The survey showed evidence of a double process: (1) by which excess workload helps predict burnout, and (2) by which a mismatch in the congruence of values, or interpersonal conflict, contributes in a meaningful way to each of the dimensions of burnout, adding overhead to the process of exhaustion-cynicism-lack of realisation. Relevance to clinical practice.  Studies indicate that health professionals are some of the most exposed to disorders steaming from psychosocial risks and a high comorbidity: anxiety, depression, etc. There is a clear need for accurate instruments of evaluation to detect not only the burnout but also the areas that cause it. Professional exhaustion caused by aggression or other factors can reflect a deterioration in the healthcare relationship.

Background:Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are resistant to standard treatments, partly due to cancer stem cells (CSCs) localised in hypoxic niches. Compared to X-rays, carbon ion irradiation relies on better ballistic properties, higher relative biological effectiveness and the absence of oxygen effect. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is involved in the resistance to photons, whereas its role in response to carbon ions remains unclear.Methods:Two HNSCC cell lines and their CSC sub-population were studied in response to photons or carbon ion irradiation, in normoxia or hypoxia, after inhibition or not of HIF-1α.Results:Under hypoxia, compared to non-CSCs, HIF-1α is expressed earlier in CSCs. A combined effect photons/hypoxia, less observed with carbon ions, results in a synergic and earlier HIF-1α expression in both subpopulations. The diffuse ROS production by photons is concomitant with HIF-1α expression and essential to its activation. There is no oxygen effect in response to carbon ions and the ROS localised in the track might be insufficient to stabilise HIF-1α. Finally, in hypoxia, cells were sensitised to both types of radiations after HIF-1α inhibition.Conclusions:Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α plays a main role in the response of CSCs and non-CSCs to carbon ion and photon irradiations, which makes the HIF-1α targeting an attractive therapeutic challenge.

In 2013, during a field survey conducted in Portugal on potato, Solanum tuberosum, an unusual esterase (EST) phenotype was detected in a root‐knot nematode (RKN) from potato roots collected in Coimbra. This Portuguese isolate was purified and maintained on tomato, S. lycopersicum, and morphological, biochemical and molecular characteristics were studied. Perineal pattern morphology was highly variable, similar to Meloidogyne ethiopica and not useful for identification. The EST phenotype, from young egg‐laying females, displayed three bands similar to the Brazilian M. luci (L3) and distinct from M. ethiopica (E3). Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I and the mitochondrial DNA region between COII and 16S rRNA genes revealed that the Portuguese isolate grouped with M. luci isolates close to M. ethiopica isolates. However, considering the ITS1‐5.8S‐ITS2 region, the Portuguese isolate grouped with isolates of M. luci, M. ethiopica and M. hispanica, which limits the confidence of this region for M. luci diagnosis, and its differentiation from other species with morphological similarities. The M. luci pathogenicity to potato was also assessed in 16 commercial cultivars and compared with M. chitwoodi, considered to be a quarantine RKN species by EPPO. All potato cultivars were susceptible to both Meloidogyne species with gall indices of 5 and higher reproduction factor values ranging from 12.5 to 122.3, which suggests that M. luci may constitute a potential threat to potato production. In the present study, M. luci is reported for the first time attacking potato in Portugal.

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