Congenital anomalies of the lymphatic system resulting from sequestration of primitive lymphatic sacs from the normal lymphatic circulation and consisting of benign cystic masses of enlarged lymphatic vessels are referred to as lymphangiomas. They are believed to manifest from the 6th week of pregnancy when the forming lymphatic sacs unsuccessfully fail to connect to the rest of the lymphatic system or to the internal jugular vein. 1 Thus, lymphatic malformations are swellings that are made up of multiple lymphatic cysts, 1-4 which comprise many lymphatic vessels that do not connect to normal lymphatic circulation. 3,4 Their presentation ranges from small masses affecting localized areas of the skin and subcutaneous tissues to extensive swellings that can affect a whole limb or region. The sizes of the cysts vary from very small or very large-up to several centimeters across, depending on the amount of fluid they contain. The term cystic hygroma is applied to lymphangiomas developing within loose areolar connective tissue and denotes the mass effect and the cystic nature of these lesions. The term "hygroma" can be directly translated into "moist tumor" 3,4 or "water-containing tumor." 1,4 Lymphangiomas are commonly found in the neck but they can occur almost anywhere in the body. 1,3,4 Moreover, lymphatic malformations often appear to affect multiple separate parts of the body, but when investigated with MRI, it is revealed that the different swellings are linked 1,
Esophagitis is the inflammation of the lining of the esophagus, which is characterized by its swelling and irritation. The esophagus is tubular structure which helps in the swallowing, and it links the back of the throat to the stomach. The swelling is commonly caused by acid reflux. Sometimes, this swelling can also be caused by infections. Infectious esophagitis can be set off by fungi, yeast, viruses, bacteria and other types of organisms. Anyone can get infectious esophagitis, but people with weakened or comprised immune system are more likely to develop the disease. Anyone can get it, but people are more likely to develop it if their immune system is weakened or compromised. The purpose of this chapter is to review the clinical manifestations, etiology, pathophysiology, histopathology, diagnosis, treatment/management, prevention, prognosis and other healthcare issues of infectious esophagitis.
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