Economic integration agreements have significantly decreased import tariffs. We investigate whether national policies can be an effective replacement for tariffs to protect domestic industry. We show that (a) European fuel taxes and vehicle emissions policy favored diesel vehicles, a technology popular with European consumers but largely offered only by domestic automakers; (b) European automakers benefited from pro‐diesel fuel taxes and a lenient NOx emissions policy to earn significant profits from diesel cars; and (c) that both policies amounted to significant nontariff trade policies equivalent to an import tariff between two to three times the official rate.
This paper is aimed at exploring the existence of typical patterns of automobile model life and the formal test for age effects in a discrete-choice demand framework estimated with data on the models sold in the Spanish market. Estimates show that the evolution of market shares entails and quantifies age effects resulting from consumer demand. These effects are clearly distinguishable from the impacts generated by changes in attributes and firm pricing. They carry an exogenous factor that is full of implications for firm behavior over the life of a model: the modification of demand price sensitivities. As a result, for example, equilibrium own-price elasticities are observed to decrease until the fourth year of a model life, and then to increase again. JEL Classification: D43
Abstract. We focus on the general linear‐quadratic transportation costs in the linear model. Earlier results have shown that no pure‐strategy price equilibrium exists for whatever firm locations in this context. Since there is no price equilibrium for the whole market, our first objective is to calculate the feasible equilibrium region with concave costs. A crucial change of variables allows us to explicitly calculate the necessary conditions to obtain the feasible equilibrium regions. Finally, we compare the equilibrium regions with both the concave and the convex cases and find that the feasible region with convex costs is bigger than that with concave costs.
Conscious of the central role of satisfaction in the success of a destination we examine the relationship between a destination's attributes and overall satisfaction. Based on the information about 19 destination attributes and using a principal factor analysis, we identified 5 relevant dimensions, with “Accommodation and restaurant services†as the key factor to explain overall satisfaction. Next, we explore the potential moderating effects of tourist and trip characteristics on that relationship. Our results suggest that the estimated relationship is very stable across types of tourists, trip features or purpose of travel. We use a survey of 2,484 interviews conducted with international tourists that visited Barcelona throughout 2013. Empirical findings allow an efficient allocation of resources in order to achieve maximum satisfaction. Therefore, they are useful to help policy makers and entrepreneurs select targets for promotion, and attain high destination competitiveness.
This study presents a methodology for forecasting the medium– and long–term real revenues of the automotive post–sales service sectors, assuming the automobile industry is nowadays undergoing a deep process of transformation. There are several conditioning factors, usage as well as environmental reasons, that makes past times an unreasonable guide for a future forecast. Firstly, we estimate, using regression models, the most important variables for the automobile sector that will affect the long–term forecasts of the automotive aftermarket’s revenues. Secondly, we apply participatory methods to quantify the impact of the new conditioning factors. This is a research tool used for the Spanish automotive aftermarket. Our results indicate how stakeholders’ perceptions modulate the forecasts for those economic sectors involved in a disrupted changing business model.
The data described in this article were collected daily over the period 18 August 2014 to 15 June 2015 from the website of the Spanish Ministry of Industry, Energy and Tourism http://geoportalgasolineras.es. The database includes information on almost all gas stations located in Spain that sell to the public. For each gas station we have information of daily diesel prices (both posted price and net of taxes), brands and locations (latitude and longitude) and the Brent price. We also share a Stata program file to identify the nearest competitors of each gas station and their brand. The program also computes the distance to the nearest refinery and its brand. The data base can be used for analyzing firms pricing behavior focusing, for example, on asymmetric pricing, cartels or vertical integration, among other topics. This data base is used in the paper [2] “Effects of antitrust prosecution on retail fuel prices” that analyze the impact on prices of an antitrust sanction imposed to several brands on February 2015.
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