RESUMENLos testimonios médicos científico-profesionales de la época ofrecen una opinión generalizada sobre la mala situación higiénico-sanitaria de Madrid y de buena parte de sus distritos en el tránsito del siglo XIX al XX, tanto como para ser calificada como «ciudad de la muerte». Pues bien, en el presente trabajo, utilizando como principales fuentes las Estadísticas Demográfico-Sanitarias del Ayuntamiento y del Ministerio de la Gobernación, se pretende contrastar la información contenida en dichos testimonios y en los estudios historiográficos realizados hasta ahora con la proporcionada por el examen de las variaciones registradas en la mortalidad de los distritos de Madrid entre 1880 y 1931. A tal objeto, el estudio se ha centrado en el análisis de las modificaciones habidas en la mortalidad general e infantil, y en las tasas específicas de algunas enfermedades (diarrea y enteritis en menores de dos años, viruela, difteria, tuberculosis pulmonar, gripe y resto enfermedades respiratorias) de los distintos distritos madrileños. Con ello se pretende hacer un acercamiento a su estado higiénico-sanitario en el período indicado.PALABRAS CLAVE: higiene urbana, Madrid, siglos XIX-XX, mortalidad urbana, transición sanitaria.
SUMMARYThe medical statements of the time show us a common opinion of the deplorable sanitary conditions of Madrid and of the most of its districts in the turn of the XIX century. This situation was so terrible that Madrid was named the «death city». In this project, using as the main sources the Healthy Demographic Statitiscs of the Town Council and of the Home Office, we aim to compare the information appeared in these statements and in the historiography studies with the one obtained by the exam of the variations in the mortality of Madrid districts between 1880 and 1931. In order to do that, this project is focused on the analyse of the changes on the general and infant mortalities and on the different Madrid districts rates of some diseases such as diarrhea and enteritis in under-2s, smallpox, diphtheria, pulmonary tuberculosis, flu and the other respiratory diseases. With all of this we try to know better its sanitary conditions in the period mentioned before. ----* Este trabajo forma parte del Proyecto de investigación 06/0022/1997 del Plan regional de la CAM.
This paper gives a brief overview of the impact of the 1918-1919 flu and the polio epidemics and the responses to them, to show how they were a challenge and also an opportunity to draw attention to the role that could be played by health professionals specialising in bacteriology, and later virology, in international centres; and where new prophylactic and therapeutic resources -serums and vaccines -could fit into this new approach. Using medical, scientific and legislative sources, a selection from the general press, and archival and printed documentation of the WHO about the social history of medicine and, particularly, the history of the disease, it shows the important role of the training obtained by health professionals in international research centres in the management of both epidemic events, in the modernisation of Spanish science and health before the civil war, and in the post-war reconstruction.
RESUMENEn el presente trabajo se examinan los antecedentes legislativos del Decreto de 1903, el contexto sanitario en el que se gestó, su proceso de gestación y aprobación, y se ofrece una aproximación a su aplicación posterior. Con ello se muestra cómo los factores político-económico-sociales, legislativos, profesionales y sanitarios condicionaron la lenta generalización de la vacunación antivarió-lica en España en los siglos XIX y XX.PALABRAS CLAVE: vacunación antivariólica, historia de la viruela, historia de la salud pública, España, siglos XIX y XX.
SUMMARYIn this paper we analyse the legislative precedents of the 1903 Decree, the sanitary conditions in which it had been developing, his gestation process and his passing, and we show an approach to its subsequent implementation. We show how the political-economic-social, legislative, professional and sanitary factors would be determine the slowly generalization of the smallpox vaccination in Spain during the 19 th and 20 th centuries.KEY WORDS: smallpox vaccination, history of smallpox, history of public health, Spain, 19 th and 20 th centuries.----* Este trabajo se ha realizado en el marco del proyecto del Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (Nº de referencia: BHA2001-2979-C05-05) y del de la Consejería de Sanidad de la JCCM (Nº de Expediente: 01043).
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