No abstract

Despite the abundant scientific literature on entrepreneurship, there is still only limited information on young students’ entrepreneurial intentions. The reasons for this, may be generally found in the different conceptual approaches to entrepreneurial intention, and particularly in the variables that regulate and act as antecedents to such intentions. This bias has generated different lines of investigation into the factors relating to entrepreneurial intention among students. One line of investigation is centered on the variables that influence entrepreneurial intention, in particular, relational, educational, and psychological variables, and another is centered on the antecedents of entrepreneurial intention, amongst which is entrepreneurial interest. In this paper, we seek to analyze the relationship between the entrepreneurial interest of Spanish youth and a set of socio-educational, psychological, and health-related variables using principal component analysis. A previously validated ad hoc questionnaire was administered to 1764 students (15–18 years old). Notably, few Spanish youth expressed significantly high entrepreneurial interest; those who did were mostly men with a family tradition of entrepreneurial parents, who held high perceptions of their health and quality of life, and considered it important in business to detect opportunities beforehand and to create employment. Their principal motives were to improve their professional development, to put their ideas into practice, and to achieve economic independence. This paper proposes the early detection of entrepreneurial interests in young people in order to reinforce these interests as potential long-term initiatives.

Studies of the socio-economic function of entrepreneurship have emphasized the critical role that entrepreneurial competence and its implementation play at different stages of the education system. In this paper, as a research objective, we seek to determine the entrepreneurial interest of Spanish youth aged between 15 and 18 years of age enrolled in formal secondary education programs, an initial stage in the development of entrepreneurship. A previously validated ad hoc questionnaire is applied through simple random sampling to 1764 students at secondary school in Spain. A descriptive cross-sectional study is carried out. The analysis is done with Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), a technique that reduces the high dimensionality of data through Cooperative Maximum Likelihood Hebbian Learning (CMLHL), applying neurocomputational methods to the educational sciences. We find as key results that Spanish youth express a medium level of interest in entrepreneurship. Analysis with ANNs shows that education in entrepreneurial competence is an influential aspect of interest in entrepreneurship. As a conclusion, our results suggest that educational and curricular reforms must be undertaken to promote the development of entrepreneurial competence at various stages of education in order to increase interest in entrepreneurship.

RESUMEN:Partiendo del carácter estratégico que la formación tiene para el empleo, se considera que uno de los campos donde puede ser más determinante es en el emprendimiento. Es por lo tanto, necesario focalizar la atención en el impacto que la educación secundaria, profesional y superior tiene en las tasas de emprendimiento. Igualmente, es conveniente valorar y proponer criterios eficaces para la toma de decisiones de la política educativa ordenada a implementar las competencias adecuadas y el espíritu emprendedor entre los jóvenes. En este sentido, el objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las necesidades educativas en relación con el emprendimiento, a través de Grupos de Discusión formados por representantes de colectivos implicados en la creación de empresas. Presentamos el making-of de los Grupos de Discusión y el análisis de las aportaciones a dichos grupos, a través de la utilización de metodologías cualitativas. Los resultados del estudio muestran una discrepancia en cuanto a las necesidades educativas y expectativas entre emprendedores y los servicios especializados en emprendimiento y educadores. Se concluye la utilidad de estos resultados como un primer paso para redefinir el curriculum de la educación secundaria obligatoria y la enseñanza profesional.PALABRAS CLAVE: Emprendimiento; Joven; Educación; Grupo de Discusión; Competencia.ABSTRACT: Building on the strategic character that education has on employment, one of the fields where it has a more determinant impact is on entrepreneurship. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on the impact of secondary, vocational and higher education on the entrepreneurship rates. Similarly, it is advisable to evaluate and propose effective criteria to take decision in educational policy in order to implement the ade- Copyright © 2015 SIPS. Este es un artículo de acceso abierto distribuido bajo los términos de la licencia Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial (by-nc) Spain 3.0 quate competences and the entrepreneurial spirit among young people. The goal of this study is to analyse the educational needs related to entrepreneurship, through discussion groups made of representatives of the groups involved in the creation of firms. We show the making-of of the discussion groups and the analysis of the contributions of these groups, at the methodological level qualitative techniques. The results show a discrepance regarding the educational needs and expectations between entrepreneurs and the agencies specialize in entrepreneurship and educators. We conclude that our results are useful as a first step to redefine the curriculum of compulsory secondary education and vocational training.KEYWORDS: Entrepreneurship; Young People; Education; Discussion Group; Competence.RESUMO: A partir da natureza estratégica que a formação tem para o emprego, considera-se que um dos campos onde pode ser mais determinante é no empreendedorismo. Assim, é fundamental focalizar a atenção no impacto que a educação secundária, profissional e superior têm nas taxas empreendedoras. Igualmente, é i...

As entrepreneurial interest is believed to represent a causal factor increasing entrepreneurship, research has begun to explore how family systems affect youth entrepreneurial interests. In the present study, we attempt to identify different types of family influence on the entrepreneurial interests of young people. A questionnaire was used to obtain data from 1,633 Spanish youths, who were 15 to 18 years old, and another questionnaire was used to obtain data from 839 parents. Principal Component Analysis identified unique family types and revealed that they have differential associations to entrepreneurial interest among youths. These findings reaffirm the influence of family on the entrepreneurial ecosystem and the promotion of an entrepreneurial family cuture. This study further suggests that early attention should focus on the detection of entrepreneurial interest among youths so that actions can be implemented in the families of low-interest youths to incentivize an entrepreneurial family culture.

As entrepreneurial interest is believed to represent a causal factor increasing entrepreneurship, research has begun to explore how family systems affect youth entrepreneurial interests. In the present study, we attempt to identify different types of family influence on the entrepreneurial interests of young people. A questionnaire was used to obtain data from 1633 Spanish adolescents (15 to 18 years old) and another questionnaire was used to obtain data from 839 parents. Principal component analysis identified unique family types and revealed that they have differential associations to entrepreneurial interest among youth. These findings reaffirm the influence of family on the entrepreneurial ecosystem and the promotion of an entrepreneurial family culture. This study further suggests that early attention should focus on the detection of entrepreneurial interest among youth so that actions can be implemented in the families to incentivize an entrepreneurial family culture.

Los numerosos cambios económicos y sociales derivados de la actual situación de crisis financiera, ha planteado la necesidad de avanzar en las investigaciones sobre los procesos conducentes a la promoción del emprendimiento como competencia básica que permita la adquisición de habilidades dirigidas al desenvolvimiento social exitoso, configurándose el emprendedor como agente social transformador e impulsor del crecimiento.La percepción teórica sobre el fenómeno del emprendimiento no es de corte individualista, emergiendo dentro de este campo el estudio de las redes sociales como activo valioso para el emprendedor, ya que les permite acceder a recursos e información y son fuente de competitividad y desarrollo.El presente artículo se enmarca dentro de la fase de estudio exploratorio del proyecto I+D+i que pretende determinar las acciones en política educativa curricular encaminadas a la incorporación de la cultura emprendedora en el ámbito educativo formal. Así, el objetivo específico de esta fase es determinar la importancia otorgada por los alumnos universitarios mayores a las redes de emprendimiento formales e informales. La elección de este sector poblacional viene justificada por las directrices que a nivel europeo se centran en las personas mayores como recurso valioso para el emprendimiento, debido a su formación, experiencia, conocimientos y aptitudes necesarias para poder participar en la configuración competencial del emprendedor.Palabras clave: Redes de emprendimiento; Cultura emprendedora; Personas mayores; Política curricular

The scientific literature on mental health has found an association between physical activity and emotional wellbeing and recommends active leisure activities as a way of keeping stress under control. The purpose of this research study is to analyze the level of anxiety, the symptoms of depression and the level of self-esteem of people practicing speleology, as well as possible gender differences. This paper also attempts to understand whether self-esteem is associated with the presence of symptoms of depression in speleologists and whether anxiety has a mediating effect. We conduct a cross-sectional and descriptive research study with a sampling of 105 adult speleologists. The results reveal that the total mediation model is applicable, as self-esteem has a significant indirect association with depression through trait anxiety, as well as a partial mediation model that is applicable through state anxiety. This means that speleologists with high levels of self-esteem, who appreciate and value themselves adequately, reveal lower levels of trait anxiety, and this negatively influences their levels of depression (that is, a lower level of depressive symptoms). At the same time, speleologists with high levels of self-esteem, who appreciate and value themselves adequately, also reveal lower levels of state anxiety, which again has a negative impact on their levels of depression (with fewer symptoms of depression). Emotions such as anxiety, self-esteem, depression and their collateral effects are international topics of interest, which are relevant for people from all sporting backgrounds; therefore, value should be placed on supporting and carrying out further research into this topic.