This article presents the results of the development and application of improved methodological tools based on spatial econometrics. The authors started with analyzing the spatial distribution of two social phenomena – democratization and suicide level. The following procedures were carried out for each indicator: a selection of reliable and regularly collected and published data, density-measuring zoning on the basis of a diagram and a map of extent, calculation of local indicators of spatial autocorrelation (LISA) and calculation of the authors' proposed spatial dependence index (SDI) to identify and interpret anomalous SDI values. The authors obtained anomalous values indicating the supposedly significant role of geographical factors (SDI >0.08): press freedom, political rights protection and state fragility for political regimes; autonomy index and religiousness level for suicides per 100,000 population. The research results are not intended to be exhaustive; however, the authors conclude that spatial econometrics tools, being extrapolated and used along with other traditional methods of political and social sciences, are useful for finding outputs of spatial relations and distribution of certain socio-economic and political phenomena that are not always logically obvious. In addition, the proposed analysis algorithm can be used for the analysis of other quantifiable and statistically tracked phenomena.
English abstract: This article assesses the 2000s reforms of the Russian administrative divisions and the implications of the reforms for the institutional structure and related discourse through institutional and discourse analysis. The authors reach the conclusion that the “special status” of the newly formed territorial entities remains undefined, while the representation norm is highly uneven, since the competences of governing bodies in the merged entities lie predominantly in the ethnic and cultural sphere. The reform was not a single and coherent policy measure but rather a number of incoherent initiatives. This can be seen from the presence of different (re)integration models in respective amalgamation cases, different models of a “special status” and a variety of reactions to the reform emanating from the population.Spanish abstract: Este artículo evalúa las reformas del 2000 en las divisiones administrativas rusas y las implicaciones de dichas reformas en la estructura institucional y el discurso relacionado, a través del análisis institucional y del discurso. Los autores llegan a la conclusión de que el “estatus especial” de las entidades territoriales recién formadas permanece indefinido, mientras que las normas de representación son desiguales, ya que las competencias de los órganos rectores en las entidades fusionadas residen predominantemente en la esfera étnica y cultural. La reforma no fue una medida política única y coherente, sino una serie de iniciativas incoherentes. Esto se puede ver por la presencia de diferentes modelos de (re) integración en los respectivos casos de amalgamación, diferentes modelos de un “estatus especial” y una variedad de reacciones a la reforma que emanan de la población.French abstract: Cet article analyse les réformes des divisions administratives russes de l’année 2000 et leurs implications pour la structure et le discours institutionnels, en utilisant les méthodes institutionnelle et discursive. Les auteurs concluent que le « statut spécial » des entités territoriales nouvellement formées reste indéfini, tandis que la norme de représentation demeure très inégale, les compétences des organes directeurs des entités fusionnées étant principalement concentrées dans les domaines ethnique et culturel. La réforme ne constitue pas une mesure politique cohérente, mais un certain nombre d’initiatives incohérentes. La présence de différents modèles de (ré)intégration dans les cas de fusion évoqués, les divers cas de « statut spécial » et la variété des réactions populaires face à cette réforme en témoignent.
The paper provides a comparative analysis of smart city rankings as a tool to assess the effectiveness of measures implemented by the city authorities to digitalize the urban economy. The genesis of the issue of ranking smart cities in the academic literature has been considered, and three international rankings have been selected for comparative analysis. Their comparison shows that those rankings, which are based on a wide selection of cities and statistical indicators, as well as assessments of experts and citizens, are the most effective in assessing the course towards smartization. It has been proven that, at the moment, the most representative is the rating IESE “Cities in Motion”, which, however, does not take into account the qualitative methods of assessing cities. This experience can be used by city and national authorities to implement policies to promote smart cities, including in Russia, where its “IQ index of cities” has been created.
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