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Changes in consumers" environment, specifically the economic crisis and the growing penetration of digital technologies, have produced significant changes in shopping habits, designed to gradually reduced the effectiveness of in-store marketing levers in influencing shopping behaviour. On one hand, due to the global economic downturn and the associated diminished disposable income, more shoppers are now searching more information before entering a store and evaluating more alternatives before to decide where and what to shop. On the other hand, the deep penetration of technological developments, such as digital media and mobile devices, among the population, has opened up new opportunities to influence shopper attitudes and behaviour in the retail environment. A new scenario seems to be opening up where more planning and preparation for shopping is carried out before customers entering the store. In this new environment, to formulate and execute effective shopper marketing strategies, managers need to better understand the complete picture of how online, offline, mobile and in-store marketing influence shoppers in the path-to-purchase-and-beyond cycle. Starting from recent research avenues, our work intends to explore the relationship between pre-shopping behaviour and shopping behaviour in-store, with the aim to understand how pre-trip activities have influenced shopping behaviour in-store. In order to get this purpose, we conducted a survey in three stores belonging to a leading Italian grocery retailer. Shoppers were intercepted in front of the display, when the chosen product was placed in the shopping cart. Through a structured questionnaire, respondents were asked about the nature of the purchase (planned vs unplanned) and the degree of out-of-store preparation (number and type of activity carried out). Data were processed using SPSS statistical software. The degree of grocery shopping preparation is found to influence shopper behaviour inside the store in terms of planned/impulse buying: the higher is the degree of preparation, the greater is the tendency to plan purchases and the lower is the tendency to make impulse purchases. Our findings could suggest retailers and manufacturers new ways to innovate the practice of shopper marketing, considering that marketing levers cannot still affect consumers" decisions in-store as in the past.

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Increasing competition in the Italian grocery market is pressing retailers to search for new ways to differentiate themselves and gain a better competitive position in the mind of consumers. In this scenario, we intend to explore consumers" perception of grocery retailers in order to understand which store attributes consumers consider to be most important when choosing where to shop and which store attributes consumers perceive different between retail store formats and between grocery retailers. Our findings show that consumers do not perceive great differences neither among retail store formats, nor among grocery retailers. Even if they recognize structural differences among retail store formats, they perceive a growing similarity between them in terms of meeting shopping needs. Moreover, only few retailers are perceived as highly differentiated in managing the retail mix levers. Our work provides grocery retailers a specific knowledge of the attributes that consumers consider to be most important when making grocery store choice and suggests retailers which levers they should manage in order to be perceived differentiated from competitors, achieve a sustainable competitive advantage and consolidate their position in the market.

The present work aims to implement a "healthy checkout" in a real retailing environment in order to demonstrate that this kind of intervention can be a win-win strategy for both shoppers and retailers in a long-term perspective. A field experiment has been conducted in five stores belonging to a leading Italian Retailer in the north of Italy, where all the unhealthy products have been removed from the checkouts. Both sales analysis and shoppers attitudes towards the intervention have been studied. Sales data have been analyzed for the "healthy checkout stores" vs "traditional checkout stores", and customers have been interviewed at the end of the shopping trip five months after the implementation. Our findings show that developing a healthy checkout can have a positive impact on sales, retailer"s reputation in terms of perceived CSR, and loyalty to the store. The present work provides some interesting results about the long-term effect of an in-store marketing strategy that aims to promote health among customers.In order to fill those gaps, the present work is organized as follow. First, we describe the importance of the

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