SummaryCardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a major cause of death in developed countries as well as in developing countries. In general, the clinical manifestations of CVD, such as myocardial infarction, stroke and peripheral vascular disease, are caused by an atherosclerotic process with onset as from the middle age. However, current studies indicate that the atherosclerotic process starts to develop in childhood. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has been studied as to its inflammatory aspect. Among the inflammatory markers, C-reactive protein (CRP) has been extensively studied in individuals with CVD, including those apparently healthy. High CRP levels have been related to risk factors for atherosclerosis: family history of coronary artery disease (CAD), dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, smoking and sedentary lifestyle. A great part of these risk factors may be influenced by lifestyle modifications, such as changes in eating habits and engagement in physical activities. The effects of physical activity on CRP levels in adulthood are documented in the literature, however little is known on the influence of an active or sedentary lifestyle of children and adolescents on CRP levels. Thus, the objective of this study is to review the impact of physical activity of children and adolescents on CRP levels and the risk factors for the development of CVD. IntroductionCardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a major cause of death in developed countries as well as in developing countries 1 . In general, the clinical manifestations of CVD start in the middle age. However, recent studies indicate that the atherosclerotic process starts to develop in childhood. Fatty streaks precursor of atherosclerotic plaques appear in the aortic intima at three years of age, and in the coronary arteries during adolescence 2 . Thus, atherosclerosis gradually changed from a model of a chronic degenerative disease exclusively affecting patients with advanced age to a model of a subclinical chronic inflammatory disease already existing in childhood 3 .The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has been studied as to its inflammatory aspect. Inflammatory markers such as Creactive protein (CRP) have been studied in individuals with CVD, including those apparently healthy 4 . CRP has been a widely used inflammatory marker for the detection of CVD because its plasma concentration is easy to determine and it has the best clinical and epidemiological correlation to date. High blood CRP levels have been found in inflamed tissues, atherosclerotic vessels and infarcted myocardium 5 .Its utilization has been important for the possibility of identifying new pathways for the prevention and treatment of CVD and of risk factors for atherosclerosis 4,6 : family history of coronary artery disease (CAD), dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, smoking and sedentary lifestyle 4 .A great part of these factors may be influenced by lifestyle changes, thus reducing cardiovascular events and increasing the individuals' life expectancy. Mo...

RESUMOA proposta do presente estudo foi investigar os efeitos bioquí-micos da suplementação de carboidratos em uma competição simulada de short duathlon terrestre. A amostra foi constituída de quatorze duatletas, aos quais foram dados suplementos de uma bebida com carboidrato em uma solução a 6% de maltodextrina (g1), placebo (g2) e solução a 6% de glicose (g3), em três momentos distintos da competição simulada: 30 minutos antes da prova (500ml), a cada 15 minutos durante essa competição (200ml) e imediatamente após o término desta (300ml). Amostras de sangue foram coletadas em dois momentos -antes e imediatamente após o final da competição -para análise da glicemia, lactato, insulina e cortisol. Verificaram-se diferenças significativas, em relação aos níveis de glicemia entre g1 e g2, na fase pós-competição. Quando analisado o lactato, também se verificou uma diferença significativa em g1 e g2 na fase durante a competição. Da mesma forma, foram observadas diferenças significativas nas concentrações de cortisol durante a competição (g1) e pós-competição (g2). A conclusão desse estudo, baseada nos dados obtidos das amostras sanguíneas, foi que a suplementação de maltodextrina fornece indicativos bioquímicos que favorecem sua utilização em competições como o short duathlon terrestre.Palavras-chave: carboidratos, competição, glicose, lactato, insulina, cortisol. ABSTRACT Biochemical Effects of Carbohydrates Supplementation in a Simulated Short Land Duathlon Competition This study aimed to investigate the biochemical effects of carbohydrates supplementation in a simulated short land duathlon competition. Sample size consisted of 14 athletes that ingested supplements of a 6% maltodextrin solution (G1), placebo (G2), and a 6% glucose solution (G3), in three different moments of the simulated competition: 30 min before de competition (500ml), every 15 min during the competition (200ml), and immediately after the end of the competition (300ml).Blood sampling was obtained during two stages of the competitionbefore and immediately after the end -to blood glucose, lactate, insulin and cortisol analyses. We found significant differences at glucose concentrations between G1 and G2 after competition. When lactate concentrations were analysed, it was also found a significant difference in G1 and G2 during the competition, as well, in the cortisol concentrations during the competition (G1) and after competition (G2). We conclude that the maltodextrin supplementation provides biochemical evidence that favors its ingestion in simulated short land duathlon competition.

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People with spinal cord injury are susceptible to several secondary problems, such as pressure ulcers, urinary tract infections, spasticity, contractures, obesity and also difficulty in acceptance (leading to depression), low self-esteem and sexual dysfunction [2] [3] [4] [5]. Depression is one of the psychological conditions associated with SCI, which has been well studied [6]; this disease may increase comorbidities and show a negative impact on the quality of life [7]. One of the goals of the rehabilitation program is to improve the level of Health-Related to Quality of Life (HRQOL).

The differentiation of closely related Citrus genotypes is a meticulous, laborious, and time-consuming task that involves the assessment of complex traits such as growth, tolerance to stress, photosynthetic efficiency, yield, and many others. Such a task is generally accomplished either by analyzing specific features of adult plants or by applying molecular markers to young trees. On one hand, only after plants start yielding can distinct genotypes be differentiated by comparing their fruit sizes, shapes, taste, and the number of seeds. On the other hand, molecular markers are expensive, and demand expertise and time for the analysis of a larger number of plants. For these reasons, the development of techniques that could assist in an early, quick and accurate differentiation of closely related Citrus varieties is of utmost importance. In this context, laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (LIFS) is a promising technique, since it is rapid, highly sensitive, and inexpensive. Previous studies showed that LIFS can differentiate a variety of sweet orange. However, this new study aimed to determine LIFS accuracy in the differentiation and grouping of very closely varieties of four Sunki mandarin selections: Comum, Florida, Tropical, and Maravilha. Furthermore we compared the results with ISSR and SSR molecular markers for the same varieties. LIFS technique distinguished the four selections with accuracy greater than 70%. Only with molecular markers was possible distinguishing clearly Tropical from Maravilha, but not Comum from Florida selections. In this way the results suggest that LIFS may be a sound tool for helping the identification of closely Citrus varieties.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the biochemical effects of carbohydrate supplementation in a simulated competition of short terrestrial duathlon. Ten duathletes participated in a simulated competition of short terrestrial duathlon 30 minutes after the ingestion of a 6% (30g/500ml) maltodextrin solution (MALT) or a placebo (PLA). This solution was also ingested every 15 minutes during the competition (12g/200ml); and immediately after the competition (18g/300ml). Samples of blood were collected at 3 time points: 1) at rest 1 hour before the beginning of the competition; 2) during the competition (approximately 1 hour and 45 minutes after the 1st collection); 3) immediately after the competition. Blood was analyzed for blood glucose, lactate, insulin and cortisol. Significant differences were observed in relation to blood glucose levels between MALT and PLA in the post-competition phase. There was also a significant difference in the lactate levels observed between MALT and PLA during the competition phase. Similarly, a significant difference in the cortisol concentrations during and after the competition phases (MALT and PLA) were observed. We conclude that maltodextrin supplementation appears to be beneficial during short terrestrial duathlon competition as evidenced by biochemical markers.

'Persian' lime (PL) [Citrus latifolia (Yu. Tanaka) Tanaka] is an important species both for domestic fresh fruit consumption in Brazil as well as the export market, since the country is one of the largest producers in the world despite the fact that, in commercial plantations, it is still not uncommon to find trees with low productivity and high plant vigor of unknown origin.