Adiponectin, a protein secreted by adipocytes, gained a special medical attention in the past two decades mostly due to its relation to obesity, a major health problem worldwide. Moreover, adiponectin has shown to have a preventive effect on insulin resistance, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Lately, obesity has been classified as a chronic inflammatory state, whereby dysregulated adipocytes and high infiltration of macrophages shift toward the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6 among others. This status contributes to a decrease in adiponectin levels, thus leading to the emergence of obesity related complications. This review will focus on the hormone adiponectin and its mechanisms of action in relation to insulin resistance, diabetes, cardiovascular effect and atherosclerosis. It will also cover the various therapeutic approaches aiming to increase the levels of this important cytokine, and to highlight the promising role of AdipoRon, an adiponectin receptor agonist, and of diet.
In this paper, we extend the characterization of Z[x]/ f , where f ∈ Z[x] to be a free Z-module to multivariate polynomial rings over any commutative Noetherian ring, A. The characterization allows us to extend the Gröbner basis method of computing a k-vector space basis of residue class polynomial rings over a field k (Macaulay-Buchberger Basis Theorem) to rings, i.e. A[x1, . . . , xn]/a, where a ⊆ A[x1, . . . , xn] is an ideal. We give some insights into the characterization for two special cases, when A = Z and A = k[θ1, . . . , θm]. As an application of this characterization, we show that the concept of border bases can be extended to rings when the corresponding residue class ring is a finitely generated, free A-module.
Signature-based algorithms are the latest and most efficient approach as of today to compute Gröbner bases for polynomial systems over fields. Recently, possible extensions of these techniques to general rings have attracted the attention of several authors.In this paper, we present a signature-based version of Möller's classical variant of Buchberger's algorithm for computing strong Gröbner bases over Principal Ideal Domains (or PIDs). It ensures that the signatures do not decrease during the algorithm, which makes it possible to apply classical signature criteria for further optimization. In particular, with the F5 criterion, the signature version of Möller's algorithm computes a Gröbner basis without reductions to zero for a polynomial system given by a regular sequence. We also show how Buchberger's chain criterion can be implemented so as to be compatible with the signatures.We prove correctness and termination of the algorithm. Furthermore, we have written a toy implementation in Magma, allowing us to quantitatively compare the efficiency of the various criteria for eliminating S-pairs.
Abstract. In this paper, we draw connections between ideal lattices and multivariate polynomial rings over integers using Gröbner bases. Univariate ideal lattices are ideals in the residue class ring, Z[x]/ f (here f is a monic polynomial) and cryptographic primitives have been built based on these objects. Ideal lattices in the univariate case are generalizations of cyclic lattices. We introduce the notion of multivariate cyclic lattices and show that ideal lattices are a generalization of them in the multivariate case too. Based on multivariate ideal lattices, we construct hash functions using Gröbner basis techniques. We define a worst case problem, shortest substitution problem w.r.t. an ideal in Z[x 1 , . . . , x n ], and use its computational hardness to establish the collision resistance of the hash functions.
IMPORTANCE Interstitial lung diseases comprise diffuse parenchymal diseases of varying radiological patterns and aetiology. They have varying rates of functional progression. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with the Usual interstitial pneumonitis pattern is known to progress in worsening exercise capacity, spirometry and radiology. But ILDs with other radiological patterns like NSIP may also progress in function and radiology. The six-minute walk test is a good indicator of functional exercise capacity. The study assessed the longitudinal changes in the six-minute walk test in different radiological patterns. OBJECTIVES Primary objective: To assess the radiological pattern and progression of dyspnoea and six-minute walk test over a six-month interval in ILD patients in a tertiary care centre STUDY SETTING: An Observational longitudinal study in the department of Pulmonary Medicine in Kerala, south India, for one year METHODOLOGY Patients diagnosed with ILD within the study period by a multidisciplinary team comprised of pulmonologists and radiologists with more than 20 years of clinical experience based on clinical examination, PFT, and HRCT. A multidisciplinary team assessed radiological patterns. Appropriate investigations were done to identify any underlying auto-immune or connective tissue disorders. The histopathological correlation was obtained wherever possible, and a final diagnosis was obtained. Lung function was assessed by spirometry. The dyspnoea scale was assessed according to the MMRC scale, and a six-minute walk distance was determined. The patients were followed up regularly while on treatment, and the dyspnoea scale and 6MWT were repeated after six months. The association of different radiological patterns and the changes in various parameters in 6MWT was determined. RESULTS CTD ILD was the commonest, followed by hypersensitivity pneumonitis and IPF. Longitudinal worsening of the MMRC scale did not have a significant association with any radiologic pattern. The final saturation after 6MWT and 6MWD worsening >25 m in the follow-up test had an association with a UIP pattern on radiology and a diagnosis of IPF. No worsening of 6MWD was observed in COP AND HSP. CONCLUSION A serial six-minute walk test is a good monitoring test to assess exercise capacity for UIP, HSP and OP patterns. The parameters 6MWD and final saturation in 6MWT show predictive associations with radiology.
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