Time in breeding programs is a key factor. Shortening plant cycles allows to increase the efficiency of the programs. The objective of this work is to compare different rapid generation technologies on commercial varieties and then apply the most efficient on two segregating populations in order to develop a simple and low cost speed breeding system in pea. Three methods were evaluated. One completely in vitro that gave very poor results. An in vitroin vivo system, which shortened the varieties cycles with an intermediate efficiency, and an in vivo method that also shortened the cycles and was selected for its greater efficiency (51-95%) and lower cost. It consisted in a hydroponic system, with a 22-h photoperiod supplied by fluorescent T5 tubes, a temperature of 20 ± 2 °C, flurprimidol antigiberelin and early grain harvest. This method applied to segregating populations presented higher efficiencies than the traditional SSD in the field achieving up to five generations per year. This system called Speed Breeding, includes a simple hydroponic system in a growth chamber, with controlled temperature and photoperiod, flurpimidol antigiberelin and anticipated grain harvesting. Does not require a high investment and allowed to increase the program efficiency significantly, reducing the necessary space (266 plants/m 2 ), the costs and labor.

SUMMARYPea is a self-pollinated, diploid (2n = 14), annual crop produced worldwide for human consumption and animal feed. The exploitation of maximum genetic potential from available pea resources implies the knowledge of genetic parameters of yield components. Hence, the present study was conducted in a cross between two pea varieties, namely DDR14 and Explorer, its F2 progeny and F3 families to find out transgressive segregants and to determine the magnitude of narrow sense heritability and heterosis. The high narrow sense heritability values obtained indicated that rapid gain could be achieved through selection for the different traits; however, the presence of genotype x environment interaction could limit the correspondence of these estimated values with the observed ones. The selection of lines through their phenotypic values is influenced by environmental and error effects. Best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) was used for the prediction of genotypic values using morphological data from different years, allowing the correction for environmental effects. These estimates were used for genetic analysis of the traits. Heterosis was observed for number of pods (27.1%) and number of seeds (23.3%), characters that have a direct effect on yield. The cross also showed high frequency of transgressive segregation for these characters in F3 generation (15.5% and 13.6%, respectively). There were 12.73% families transgressive for two or more characters, with genotypic values of 49.82–64.41 for number of pods and 153.75–189.59 for seed number. The crossing between Explorer and DDR14 provided a base for the selection of superior progeny.

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Biofortification refers to an approach to increase micronutrient concentrations in the edible parts of plants with increased bioavailability to the human population. Conventional, agronomic and transgenic breeding methods can be used to develop these biofortified crops, offering sustainable and cost‐effective strategies. Pea has long been recognized as a valuable, nutritious food for the human diet, but there is a limited amount of information about it, which prevents the full micronutrient enrichment potential of this pulse crop to be reached. Considerations must include not only micronutrient concentrations but also the amount of the nutrient that can be absorbed by the consumer, after processing and cooking. Development of biofortified pea that retains nutrients during cooking and processing is not only essential for fighting micronutrient malnutrition, but also necessary to improve agricultural productivity. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry

Plant phenotyping links genomics with plant ecophysiology and agronomy. It is usually performed by non-destructive, automated and image-based technology and generates information for efficient and searchable digital characterization of crop that can be performed during routine, periodical regeneration of accessions in germplasm collections. In the present work, ninety-two accessions of Pisum from different species and subspecies were studied during 2015 and 2016. Size and colour traits were measured using digital images from a Samsung CLX 3300 scanner and analysed with appropriate software; also seed weight, plant height and days to flowering were measured. Highly significant differences between accessions and species and subspecies for all these traits were found. When distances among species and subspecies are calculated, P. sativum subsp. sativum showed the greatest distance with P. fulvum (8.02) followed by P. abyssinicum (7.13); while the smallest distance was found between P. fulvum and P. sativum subsp. transcaucasicum (3.16). A Neighbour-joining tree with a cofenetic r of 0.985 was obtained. Seed and pod characteristics as colour parameters and size, obtained by digital phenotyping, have proved to be suitable markers for genetic diversity evaluation and they are useful in evolutionary analysis, allowing the discrimination of the main wild and cultivated species in the genus Pisum.Keywords: Pisum, seed coat colour, origin, variability, phenotyping, legumes. Abbreviations: a_and b-colour coordinates from the CieLab system of colour, C_ calibre of grains in centimetres, CR_ coincidence rate, CV%_ variation coefficient, DF_ days until 50% of plants flowering, L_ psychometric index of lightness from the CieLab system of colour; Max_ maximum , MD%_ mean difference percentage , Min_ minimum, PD_ pod diameter in centimetres, PH_ plant height in centimetres, PL_ pod length in centimetres, RBIP_ retrotransposon-based insertion polymorphisms markers, RGB_ red, green and blue, SD_ standard deviation , SSAP_ sequence-specific amplification polymorphism markers, VD%_ variance difference percentage, VR%_ variable rate of coefficient of variance, W100S_ weight of 100 seeds in grams.

Peas are an inexpensive nutrient source. Basic information about variation in physicochemical composition is required to manage breeding programs and postharvest operations effectively. Different properties were measured in seeds from 16 promising pea genotypes to study variability between lines, degree of genetic parameters, and associations among different traits. Seed weight and diameter, pH, and titratable acidity showed the highest values for broad-sense heritability and the most negligible differences between the phenotypic and genetic coefficient of variation, indicating that these traits’ variability was predominately due to genotypic differences. Genotypes had a wide-range profile that could be related to morphological and physiological properties. Yellow varieties showed superior values for weight and sizes (27.84 g; 0.57 cm) and small changes in diameter after hydration (48.35 %), while wrinkled varieties showed inferior moisture content (9.54 %), higher hydration capacity (1,314.66 g H2O/kg seeds), and protein content (28.88 %). Cuarentina and B315 were the more resistant and firmer materials; B315 also had the highest water hydration capacity, which would be appropriate for canning. Polyacrylamide gels demonstrated differences in protein composition; Gypsi contained more legumin (47.27 %) than the other genotypes, which is more beneficial nutritionally, and contained less convicilin (7.06 %), making it suitable for the food industry. Using accelerated aging, we studied color changes due to storage and established that the Viper line was highly tolerant to it. We could identify lines that may be exploited by industry or quality breeding programs.