In recent years, a revolution named Industry 4.0 has arisen. Industry 4.0 is presented as the integration of new advances in areas such as Cyber-Physical Systems, the Internet of Things and Everything (IoE), Cloud computing, the Internet of Services, Big Data Analysis, Smart Factories, Augmented Reality, among others. Industry 4.0 is not only a new industrial revolution, but also a crucial integration challenge that involves several actors from the IoE, which are people, data, services, and things. This paper proposes an approach to analyze the integration challenges in the context of Industry 4.0 using five integration levels, which are connection, communication, coordination, cooperation, and collaboration (5 C). In that sense, this paper presents a state of the art of recent studies in Industry 4.0 from an integration perspective, categorized according to the 5 C integration levels versus the four actors of IoE. Specifically, this paper considers several works intended to solve problems of autonomic integration in Industry 4.0 at the highest levels of the 5 C integration stack (coordination, cooperation, and collaboration). Also, this paper presents a case study from an integration perspective, which contemplates autonomy, self-organizing, among other aspects, in order to turn a traditional industry into a smart factory regarding the Industry 4.0 concept.

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In a Smart City is required computational platforms, which allow environments with multiple interconnected and embedded systems, where the technology is integrated with the people, and can respond to unpredictable situations. One of the biggest challenges in developing Smart City is how to describe and dispose of enormous and multiple sources of information, and how to share and merge it into a single infrastructure. In previous works, we have proposed an Autonomic Reflective Middleware with emerging and ubiquitous capabilities, which is based on intelligent agents that can be adapted to the existing dynamism in a city for, ubiquitously, respond to the requirements of citizens, using emerging ontologies that allow the adaptation to the context. In this work, we extend this middleware using the fog computing paradigm, to solve this problem. The fog extends the cloud to be closer to the things that produce and act on the smart city. In this paper, we present the extension to the middleware, and examples of utilization in different situations in a smart city.