Accidental ingestion of foreign bodies and its management is a common problem seen more in the pediatric population than in adults. A review of the literature suggests that endoscopic removal of foreign bodies is curative for objects located in the cricopharynx or upper esophagus. Foreign bodies passed into the stomach can usually be observed for development of symptoms, because 80% of them would be spontaneously passed.However, ingestion of metallic foreign bodies involving coins or button-type batteries may require an aggressive approach. A few cases of intestinal obstruction due to magnet ingestion have been reported in Japan, China, and Korea where magnets are used for treatment in traditional medicine.1-5 When more than one magnet is ingested they can be attracted to each other through the intestinal wall, causing necrosis and intestinal perforation or fistula, so they should be removed while they are still accessible with endoscope.We report a case for the first time in the United States of intestinal obstruction and fistula formation due to ingestion of more than one magnet. We feel that early endoscopic removal of magnets or a magnet along with a magnetic foreign body is safe and should be the choice of management. The author proposes an algorithm for management of foreign body ingestion focusing on early retrieval of magnetic foreign bodies. CaseAn 11-year old boy presented with a three-week history of nausea, vomiting, and burning epigastric pain. He had been treated for Streptococcus A pharyngitis by his pediatrician and had been seen in the emergency department previously with a negative work-up. At admission, vital signs were stable but the patient was visibly uncomfortable, lying on his left side with bilateral lower extremities flexed. Physical examination revealed abdominal tenderness with light palpation and decreased bowel sounds in the right and left lower quadrants. Leukocyte count was 13,900/mm 3 , hemoglobin and hematocrit were slightly elevated, and all other laboratory findings were within normal limits. Radiograph and CT scan of abdomen and pelvis confirmed the presence of two foreign bodies in the pelvis with bowel obstruction (Figures 1 and 2). After multiple rounds of questioning, the patient revealed that he had swallowed two magnets from a toy approximately 1 month before. A surgical consult was called that resulted in an exploratory laparotomy. Operative report of our patient describes fistulae formation at ileoileal level involving a "U" turn region of ileum and proximal jejunum and distal ileum that fistulized through the mesentery of terminal ileum. The procedure involved division, debridement to healthy bowel and closure of jejunoileal fistula, enterotomy for foreign body removal, and reinforcement at ileoileal fistula after division. The specimens were examined by the pathologist and confirmed to be consistent with fis-

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe the elements and relationships that explain the entrepreneurial intent in university students, evaluating possible gender and degree differences. Design/methodology/approach The study is of quantitative approach, survey research design and cross-sectional method. The instrument used was a self-administered questionnaire answered by undergraduate university students enrolled in a public university. The sampling was stratified random, with a representative sample size of 734 cases. For data analysis and hypothesis testing, a confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation model were made. Findings The results show that the entrepreneurial self-efficacy attribute largely explains the entrepreneurial intent, while all other variables, such as entrepreneurial identity aspirations and outcome expectations, play a less important role but maintain some influence. Research limitations/implications According to the findings of this research, institutions of higher education should direct efforts to improve the entrepreneurial skills of students, especially for women. And the creation of an institutional entrepreneurial culture should also be emphasized so that the university students are able to build an entrepreneurial identity. Originality/value The value of the research is the proposed integrative model that explains how to trigger entrepreneurial intent, shows the prominent role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy as a predictor variable of entrepreneurial intent and the role of entrepreneur identity aspirations and entrepreneurial self-efficacy as mediating variables. Additionally, this research identifies differences in the model of entrepreneurial intent derived from the variables of gender and degrees.

<p>Este trabajo presenta los resultados de un estudio empírico en el que se evalúa el papel de la orientación al aprendizaje en el enfoque a la innovación y el desempeño de micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas. Además, se analiza si la edad y el tamaño de la organización influyen en la relación entre aprendizaje e innovación. El método utilizado para la recogida de datos fue el de encuesta a una muestra de 253 empresas de los sectores industria, comercio y servicios en México, en la ciudad de San Luis Potosí. Se estimó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales y los hallazgos indican que la orientación al aprendizaje influye de manera positiva sobre el desempeño empresarial y el enfoque a la innovación de las empresas de la muestra. Se observa también que el tamaño de la empresa tiene un efecto positivo sobre el enfoque a la innovación; sin embargo, no se encuentra efecto significativo de la edad de la organización en la innovación. Estas conclusiones contribuyen a incrementar la evidencia sobre capacidades de las empresas de menor tamaño.<strong></strong></p>

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse whether the theoretical relationship between the board composition and the cost of capital (CC) is mediated by risk disclosure (RD) practices. Design/methodology/approach Partial least squares techniques are used, and a sample of all the companies belonging to manufacturing industry listed on Standard and Poor’s 500 for the year 2009 is studied. In relation to board composition, several recommendations issued by US governance codes are considered: board independence, board size, CEO duality, gender diversity, ethnic diversity, and financial expertise. Content analysis techniques are employed to measure RDs. Findings The results show that boards that follow governance codes recommendations lead to a reduction in the CC through the disclosure of information on risks. Research limitations/implications These results provide encouraging opportunities for future research about the real role of the board of directors and suggest the need for the analysis of the participation of directors in firm strategy to better understand the effect of boards on the corporate outcome. Practical implications This evidence must help regulators and owners to set up adequate corporate governance mechanisms regarding the composition of boards. This evidence also presents direct implications for managers, who can better understand the value-relevance of RDs. Originality/value This paper provides new insight into the literature, which highlights that the effect of boards of directors on firm outcomes must be mediated by the involvement of boards in specific strategies.

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Title: Relationship between risk and innovation: Risk perception by project managers In an environment of uncertainty in the organizations, risk aversion from decision makers can be a rational behaviour but reduces the ability to obtain innovate and then risk of failure increases. This paper analyses under an exploratory approach, the perception of the risk identified by Mexican innovation project leaders, in multinational companies. The results obtained from thirteen cases indicate that, there is no risk aversion and that the association between a higher level of profitability and greater risk is recognized, but that simple or intuitive methods are often used to manage risk. This highlights the need to train managers and executives with a wide risk and risk management overview, innovation and its relationship.