The objective of this study was to evaluate the phytometric characteristics and chlorophyll index of paiaguás grass (Urochloa brizantha) fertilized with wood ash doses and soil water availability. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block in a 5x5 fractional factorial scheme (five doses of wood ash: 0, 8, 16, 24 and 32 g dm-3, and five soil water stresses: 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 kPa), with four replicates. The experimental design was based on the modified central compound, in which 13 combinations of wood ash doses and soil water availability were studied. Each experimental unit consisted of a pot containing 8.7 dm3 of soil and five plants. Three harvests were performed every 30 days after planting, in a 90-day experimental period. At each harvest, plant height, leaf angle, leaf area, stem diameter, and chlorophyll index (SPAD reading) were evaluated. The best results for the phytometric characteristics and chlorophyll index of paiaguás grass were observed in the wood ash dose of 21 g dm-3. There was a reduction of growth and grass chlorophyll content in the soil water tension of 41.20 kPa.
This study evaluated the production of Paiaguás grass (Urochloa brizantha) as a function of wood-ash doses and water availability in the Cerrado Oxisol. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with a randomized block design in a fractioned 5x5 factorial scheme, corresponding to five wood-ash doses (0; 8; 16; 24 and 32 g dm-3) and five soil water-availability scenarios (4; 8; 16; 32; 64 kPa) with four repetitions. The experimental design was based on the modified central compound and consisted of 13 treatments of wood-ash doses (g dm-3) and soil water-availability scenarios (kPa): 0-4; 0-16; 0-64; 8-8; 8-32; 16-4; 16-16; 16-64; 24-8; 24-32; 32-4; 32-16; 32-64. Soil volumetric moisture was monitored daily by means of the Diviner 2000 Capacitance Probe® for soil water replenishment according to the treatments. In 30-day intervals, three cuts were performed in the aerial part of the plants evaluating dry mass of leaves, stems, aerial part, number of leaves and of tillers. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and when significant to regression analysis, both up to 5% of error probability, through the statistical program SISVAR and response surface study using SAS. The combinations of wood ash doses with water soil tensions influence the productive characteristics of Paiaguás grass. Fertilization with wood ash reduces the effect of water stress on Paiaguás grass and this residue may be a viable alternative to partial replacement of mineral fertilization and safe disposal in the environment.
Wood ash can be an alternative fertilizer and soil corrective measure, directly contributing to the production of pastures. The objective of this research was to evaluate the growth and production of marandu grass fertilized with wood ash and grown in two soil classes of the Brazilian Cerrado. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse during the period from December, 2012 to May, 2013. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial 2 × 6, corresponding to two soil classes (Ultisol and Oxisol) and six doses of wood ash (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 g dm -3 ), with six replications. Pots with soil volume of 5 dm 3 were used with five plants. Three cuts were performed in the shoot of plants in a 30-day interval and at each cut was the plant height, dry mass of leaves and stems and the leaf/stem ratio evaluated. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and, when significant, the qualitative factors (soil classes) were submitted to the Tukey test and the quantitative factors (wood ash doses) subjected to regression analysis, both at 5% probability. The wood ash as fertilizer provides greater growth and dry matter production of marandu grass grown in Ultisol and Oxisol. The use of wood ash as fertilizer may be an alternative for the destination of this waste, and it can provide a reduction of mineral fertilizer and consequently of pasture production costs in the Brazilian Cerrado.
The pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) is an erect legume used for various purposes, such as improving plant and soil reclamation. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the development of pigeon pea cv. IAPAR 43 Arata subjected to different soil water availabilities. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design with six soil water availabilities (20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 % of the maximum capacity of water retention in the soil) and six replications. Soil moisture at field capacity was 0.24 cm3 cm-3. Plastic pots were used with 5.0 dm3 of capacity and each contained three plants. Soil moisture was maintained gravimetrically. The parameters analyzed were soil pH, SPAD reading, number of leaves and dry weight of leaves, stems and roots. The results were submitted to analysis of variance with regression testing considering 5.0 % of probability and all were fitted to quadratic regression model. The higher results for soil pH and SPAD readings were observed in 80 and 31.78 % water availability, respectively. The results that offered the highest number of leaves and dry weight of leaves, stems and root were between 51.82 and 59.02 % of the maximum soil water retention capacity. The pigeon pea cv. IAPAR 43 Arata is sensitive to drought and also to saturated soil conditions, where the best water availability for this crop is in the range from 51.82 to 59.02 %.
Water availability, fertilizer management and crop rotation are fundamental to the sustainability of agriculture and food security. Thus, the objective of this study was the determination of crops coefficients, verification and comparison of methods of estimation and determination of the evapotranspiration of irrigated wheat. The experiment was carried out during two consecutive years, in which BRS 254 varieties were cultivated in 2016 and BRS 394 in the year 2017. The evapotranspiration was estimated and determined using the dual kc methodology, FAO-56, with plants grown in 12 lysimeters filled with soil monoliths, and the loss of water by evaporation measured by weighing small-lysimeters. Evapotranspiration was also determined by the water balance method. The results measured in the lysimeters (standard method) were compared with the data simulated by the dual kc method and determined by method of soil water balance, in order to determine the accuracy and efficiency of the methods used. The coefficients used to determine the efficiency of the methods were the RMSE, the RSR and the confidence index "c". The total evapotranspiration of the crop in both years of cultivation was 360 mm, with mean values of 3.87 mm d-1 for cultivar BRS 254 and 4.10 mm d-1 for cultivar BRS 394. The basal crops coefficients in the emergence, tillering, flowering, maturation and harvest stages were 0.42, 0.78, 0.94, 0.74 and 0.47 for cultivar BRS 254 and 0.28, 0.27, 0.65, 0.98 and 0.66 for cultivar BRS 394. The soil water evaporation coefficients at the respective stages are 0.72, 0.52, 0.39, 0.58 and 0.13 for cultivar BRS 254 and 1.04, 0.96, 0.65, 0.34 and 0.51 for cultivar BRS 394. Ke represents on average about 47% of the evapotranspiration of the irrigated wheat crop. Between methods tested, lysimeter is the best to wheat transpiration followed by FAO method and soil water balance. The use of any methods should consider the objectives and resources availability.
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