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Resumo: Apresenta-se um estudo qualitativo que pretende analisar a importância que os magistrados atribuem à audição de crianças e jovens envolvidos em processos judiciais e a sua influência na tomada de decisão. Para o estudo constituiu-se uma amostra intencional de 12 magistrados com experiência profissional em Tribunais de Família e Menores, com idades entre os 43 e os 62 anos e de ambos sexos. A recolha de dados foi feita através de entrevista, tendo sido elaborado um guião semiestruturado e semidiretivo, previamente testado. As entrevistas duraram em média vinte minutos, sendo gravadas mediante consentimento informado e depois transcritas para análise de conteúdo. Os resultados revelam que a maior parte dos magistrados dá importância à audição das crianças, realçando os documentos nacionais e internacionais. A amostra admite que o critério primordial no qual baseiam a decisão judicial é o superior interesse da criança. Alguns elementos da amostra reconhecem que o que mais influencia a tomada de decisão é a opinião da criança e a perspetiva desta sobre as suas vivências quotidianas. Desta forma, é da responsabilidade dos magistrados a abertura necessária para que as vozes das crianças sejam valorizadas.Abstract: This is a qualitative study which aims at analyzing the importance magistrates give to the hearings of children and young people involved in lawsuits, as well as the way these influence their decision-making. For this study, an intentional sample of 12 male and female magistrates with experience in Juvenile and Family Courts was gathered, aged between 43 and 62. Data collection was done through interviews, for which a previously tested interview script (semistructured and semi-directive) was designed. The interviews lasted twenty minutes on average, and were recorded and transcribed for content analysis, after the interviewees' due consent. The results reveal that most magistrates value these hearings, giving emphasis to national and international documents. The subjects of this sample admit that the prevailing criterion for decisionmaking is the best interest of the child and the latter's perspective on daily experience. Thus, it is ultimately the magistrates' responsibility to make the child's voice be heard and valued.Palavras-chave: crianças, magistrados, audição, tomada de decisão judicial.

This study investigated the risk factors associated with recent and chronic HIV infections among individual attending a voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) site in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In a cross-sectional study, recent HIV infections were detected by the sensitive/less-sensitive test, using Serologic Testing Algorithm for Recent HIV Seroconversion (STARHS) strategy, and compared to chronic HIV infection and HIV negative individuals. Seroincidence was estimated and risk factors associated with recent and chronic infections were assessed using multinomial logistic regression. Among the 7,379 individuals tested between June 2006 and April 2007, the overall prevalence and incidence of HIV infection were 7.5%; and 1.39/100 PY, respectively. In multivariate analysis, having a HIV positive steady partner was a risk factor for recent and for chronic HIV infection for MSM, heterosexual male and women. No differences in risk factors for recent and chronic infections were found between MSM and heterosexual males. Among women, chronic infected individuals were more likely than HIV negatives to be older. Recently HIV infected women were more likely than HIV negatives to be less educated; and more likely than HIV negatives and chronically infected to report having more partners. Routinely used risk-based assessment in testing centers in Brazil lack sensitivity to distinguish between recent and chronic infections, particularly among MSM and heterosexual males. Steady relationships and serosorting may be playing a key role in maintaining the HIV epidemics in Brazil.

O trabalho propõe uma discussão sobre o federalismo, o processo de descentralização e a municipalização, enfatizando as políticas públicas que norteiam a gestão educacional. Objetiva identificar as mudanças desencadeadas na gestão da educação a partir do processo de municipalização e refletir sobre os desafios enfrentados por essa nova organização política. Para este estudo, realizamos uma revisão bibliográfica baseada em autores como Barroso (2002) e Azevedo (1997) que discorrem sobre políticas públicas e a gestão da educação básica; Akkari (2011) que reflete sobre a internacionalização das políticas educacionais e os seus desafios; Araújo (2010) que discute sobre a relação existente entre federalismo e municipalização, historicizando esse processo no Brasil. E por fim, a Constituição Federal de 1988 e a Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação - LDB 9394/96 que regulamentam a educação brasileira. Esta investigação nos possibilitou refletir sobre o processo de municipalização no Brasil. Dessa forma, foi possível inferir que o processo de municipalização trouxe desafios, mas também ganhos para a gestão da educação, uma vez que a discussão surge com base nos princípios de autonomia, de democracia e de descentralização no cotidiano escolar, bem como a oportunidade dos municípios instituírem suas próprias políticas educacionais, seus Sistemas Municipais de Ensino--SME. PALAVRAS--CHAVE:Políticas; Federalismo; Descentralização; Municipalização; Gestão Educacional. FEDERALISM, DECENTRALIZATION AND MUNICIPALIZATION: CHALLENGES OF PUBLIC POLICIES FOR EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT ABSTRACT:The paper offers a discussion about federalism, decentralization and municipalization, stressing the public policies that govern educational management. It aims both to identify the changes that have taken place in the educational management through the process of municipalization and to deliberate the challenges faced by this new political organization. With these intents, a literature review was carried out based on authors such as Barroso (2002) and Azevedo (1997) who investigate public policies and the management of basic education; Akkari (2011) who discusses about the internationalization of educational policies and their challenges; and Araújo (2010) who argues the relationship between federalism and municipalization, narrating the history of this process in Brazil. Finally, the Federal Constitution of 1988 and the Law of Directives and Bases of National Education --LDB 9394/96 that regulate Brazilian education were also taken into consideration. This research allowed the appraisal of the process of municipalization in Brazil. Consequently, it is inferred that the municipalization process resulted in challenges and gains to the educational management as the discussion arises based on the principles of autonomy, democracy and decentralization in school daily life. Furthermore, this process provides the municipalities the opportunity to establish their own educational policies and their Municipal Teaching Systems--SME.